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Pans filled with coals were used in ancient China but the familiar iron design emerges in Europe in the 17th century.","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothes_iron","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-08"},{"id":"recrGa2prbFPQdmW8","title":"Xun lei chong","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/%E8%BF%85%E9%9B%B7%E9%8A%83%E5%85%A8%E5%BD%A2.png/250px-%E8%BF%85%E9%9B%B7%E9%8A%83%E5%85%A8%E5%BD%A2.png","localImage":"/tech-images/xun-lei-chong.webp","year":1598,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Zhao Shi-zhen"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xun_Lei_Chong","details":"A revolving-barrel, spear-combined musket","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMGPD7kS3QhJNQD","title":"Revolver","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Snappl%C3%A5sb%C3%B6ssa_av_revolvertyp%2C_1585_cirka_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_103453.tif/lossy-page1-1600px-Snappl%C3%A5sb%C3%B6ssa_av_revolvertyp%2C_1585_cirka_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_103453.tif.jpg?20151103180731","localImage":"/tech-images/revolver.webp","year":1597,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Hans Stopler"],"organizations":[],"city":"Nuremberg","countryHistorical":"Bavaria","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Nuremberg, Bavaria","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolver","details":"There were earlier designs of revolving firearms, e.g. c. 1580, but Stopler's design is often called the first revolver","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recvkllF3UjmVOn2j","title":"Corridor","subtitle":"aka Hallway","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Luhrs_Tower_Hallway.jpg/200px-Luhrs_Tower_Hallway.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/corridor.webp","year":1597,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["John Thorpe"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"England","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"England","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallway","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rech1E6Yd3vg43jx2","title":"Fluyt","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Wenceslas_Hollar_-_A_Flute_%28State_2%29.jpg/2560px-Wenceslas_Hollar_-_A_Flute_%28State_2%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fluyt.webp","year":1595,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Pieter Jansz Vael"],"organizations":[],"city":"Hoorn","countryHistorical":"Netherlands","countryModern":"Netherlands","formattedLocation":"Hoorn, Netherlands","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluyt","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec6sH0BZa2PXHwaZ","title":"Backstaff","subtitle":"aka Davis 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England","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stocking_frame","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"receQRunjlcXamrZf","title":"Tjasker","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Molen%2C_aanvraag_voor_een_octrooi_%283382028576%29.jpg/960px-Molen%2C_aanvraag_voor_een_octrooi_%283382028576%29.jpg?20161127022722","localImage":"/tech-images/tjasker.webp","year":1589,"dateDetails":"\"The tjasker seems to have been developed somewhere towards the end of the 16th century, though there is no conclusive date for its invention.\" There is a depiction from 1589 (shown in the image)","type":"Tool","fields":["Energy","Hydraulics"],"subfields":["Wind power"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Netherlands","countryModern":"Netherlands","formattedLocation":"Netherlands","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjasker","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":"2025-09-06"},{"id":"recLyllVtFesBbWOe","title":"Gregorian calendar","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Reforma_Gregoriana_del_Calendario_Juliano.jpg/529px-Reforma_Gregoriana_del_Calendario_Juliano.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/gregorian-calendar.webp","year":1582,"dateDetails":"","type":"Standard","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Aloysius Lilius","Christopher Clavius","Gregory XIII"],"organizations":[],"city":"Rome","countryHistorical":"Papal States","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Rome, Papal States","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar#:~:text=The%20Gregorian%20calendar%2C%20like%20the,as%20for%20the%20Julian%20calendar.","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recGIDH3bm8BOcGNS","title":"Air gun","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Girandoni_Air_Rifle.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/air-gun.webp","year":1580,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_gun","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec1WuL9sJK5IPxXC","title":"Carriage 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mine","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/EB1911_Fortifications_-_Fig._96.jpg?_=20190512204203","localImage":"/tech-images/pressure-operated-land-mine.webp","year":1573,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":["Explosives"],"inventors":["Samuel Zimmermann"],"organizations":[],"city":"Augsburg","countryHistorical":"Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Bavaria; Holy Roman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_mine#Western_world","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-03-16"},{"id":"recylvKLYJAaGzZmz","title":"Mercator projection","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Mercator_1569.png","localImage":"/tech-images/mercator-projection.webp","year":1569,"dateDetails":"","type":"Standard","fields":["Geography"],"subfields":["Maps"],"inventors":["Gerardus Mercator"],"organizations":[],"city":"Duisburg","countryHistorical":"Duchy of Cleves","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Duisburg, Duchy of Cleves","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercator_projection","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recQQ6zcjeP3o6Ubw","title":"Sector","subtitle":"aka Sector rule, Proportional compass, Military compass","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sector_with_dividers%2C_probably_Dresden%2C_c._1630_-_Mathematisch-Physikalischer_Salon%2C_Dresden_-_DSC08048.JPG/2880px-Sector_with_dividers%2C_probably_Dresden%2C_c._1630_-_Mathematisch-Physikalischer_Salon%2C_Dresden_-_DSC08048.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/sector.webp","year":1567,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Fabrizio Mordente"],"organizations":[],"city":"Venice","countryHistorical":"Republic of Venice","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Venice, Republic of Venice","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sector_(instrument)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec4KYUqQA6ozJlAx","title":"Miquelet lock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Platine_silex_miquelet_XVI_Turquie.jpg/2880px-Platine_silex_miquelet_XVI_Turquie.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/miquelet-lock.webp","year":1567,"dateDetails":"Mentioned in the historical novel \"Civil Wars of Granada\", set in 1567-1571","type":"Part","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Spain","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Spain","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miquelet_lock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recZkJdkktcugAAcD","title":"Graphite pencil","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/0.5mm_Pacer.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/graphite-pencil.webp","year":1565,"dateDetails":"Date of the discovery of the Borrowdale graphite deposit in England, which enabled the use of rods of graphite for writing and drawing, among other uses","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication","Visual media"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Borrowdale","countryHistorical":"England","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Borrowdale, England","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencil#Graphite_deposit_discoveries","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2025-09-04"},{"id":"recjpqjsVO8nhSzDg","title":"Silver halides","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/AgI_powder.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/silver-halides.webp","year":1565,"dateDetails":"Silver chloride identified as a distinct compound. Other halides include silver iodide and silver bromide","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Georg Fabricius"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Saxony","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Saxony","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_halide","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-05-20"},{"id":"rec99kd6bmXLroJzU","title":"Floating dry dock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Floating_Dock._Woodcut_included_in_the_%27Descrittione%27_of_Venice_1560.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/floating-dry-dock.webp","year":1560,"dateDetails":"","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Sailing","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Venice","countryHistorical":"Republic of Venice","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Venice, Republic of Venice","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_dock#Renaissance_Europe","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recCpHr62HSGu9F8a","title":"Double bass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f8/Violone_PeterLely1649DutEng.png","localImage":"/tech-images/double-bass.webp","year":1560,"dateDetails":"Very approximate","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Italian city-states","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Italian city-states","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-09"},{"id":"rectXSi54bhh503gr","title":"Condom","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Condom_1900.jpg/500px-Condom_1900.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/condom.webp","year":1560,"dateDetails":"\"In 16th-century Italy, Gabriele Falloppio authored the earliest uncontested description of condom use. De Morbo Gallico (\"The French Disease\", referring to syphilis) was published in 1564, two years after Falloppio's death.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Reproductive health"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_condoms","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-01-24"},{"id":"reclbHAIAQ6Wh9Bab","title":"Flintlock musket","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg/1280px-Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/flintlock-musket.webp","year":1558,"dateDetails":"Associated with the snaphance. Later, in the 17th century, muskets used the \"true\" flintlock mechanism","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket#Flintlock_musket","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTuDB4PF5OxgYgY","title":"Snaphance","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Snaphaunce_guns-Sweedish-mid17cent.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/snaphance.webp","year":1558,"dateDetails":"Late 1550s. \"In Swedish the word Snapphane is first recorded 1558\". ","type":"Part","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snaphance","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechl2QaSMm6Vrzj4","title":"Hydrochloric acid","subtitle":"aka Muriatic acid, Spirits of salt","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hydrochloric_acid_30_percent.jpg/330px-Hydrochloric_acid_30_percent.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hydrochloric-acid.webp","year":1558,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest recipes for the production of hydrochloric acid are found in Giovanni Battista Della Porta's Magiae naturalis (\"Natural Magic\")\". Magiae naturalis was first published in Naples in 1558. ","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":["Giovanni Battista Della Porta","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Naples","countryHistorical":"Kingdom of Naples","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Naples, Kingdom of Naples","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-09"},{"id":"recOlPSc5sJdRIgQw","title":"Baroque guitar","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_013.jpg/1920px-Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_013.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/baroque-guitar.webp","year":1555,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest attestation of a five-stringed guitar comes from the mid-sixteenth-century Spanish book Declaracion de Instrumentos Musicales by Juan Bermudo, published in 1555.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_guitar","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recwEPwaSuTUH0rO0","title":"Patio process","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hacienda_Nueva_de_Fresnillo.jpg/960px-Hacienda_Nueva_de_Fresnillo.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/patio-process.webp","year":1554,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Mining"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Bartolomé de Medina"],"organizations":[],"city":"Pachuca","countryHistorical":"New Spain","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Pachuca, New Spain","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_process","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec351OXOe0QzMopi","title":"Dulcian","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Dulcians_Brussels_ret.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/dulcian.webp","year":1550,"dateDetails":"probably earlier, bur early evidence is scant","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulcian","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-08"},{"id":"recF4r4qXTgceonNd","title":"Variolation","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_hand_with_three_smallpox_pustules._Coloured_etching_by_W._Wellcome_V0016659.jpg/940px-A_hand_with_three_smallpox_pustules._Coloured_etching_by_W._Wellcome_V0016659.jpg?20141030234059","localImage":"/tech-images/variolation.webp","year":1549,"dateDetails":"The first clear reference to smallpox inoculation was made by the Chinese author Wan Quan (1499–1582) in his Douzhen xinfa (痘疹心法) published in 1549.","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Vaccines"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variolation","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec7LXcflfKnypKM6","title":"Snaplock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Snappl%C3%A5sb%C3%B6ssa%2C_1500-tal_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_103605.tif/lossy-page1-2880px-Snappl%C3%A5sb%C3%B6ssa%2C_1500-tal_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_103605.tif.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/snaplock.webp","year":1547,"dateDetails":"\"In 1547 a corresponding law in Florence in describing the different locks speak of matchlock, wheellock and a lock with stone and steel. In this cases it is more or less inarguable that the weapons in question are snaplocks. Arsenal accounts from 1547 in Sweden also explicitly mention snaplocks, and continued to do so in 1548 and beyond.\" May date from 1517, but this is less certain.","type":"Part","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snaplock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recSGedg56jr9YHel","title":"Glasshouse","subtitle":"aka Orangery, Conservatory, Greenhouse","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Zitruskultur_-_Giovanni_Battista_Ferrari.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/glasshouse.webp","year":1545,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture","Construction"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Italian city-states","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Italian city-states","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangery","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechB0m5C7yLXg025","title":"Marimba","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/The_Marimba_%281888%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/marimba.webp","year":1545,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Percussion instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"New Spain","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"New Spain","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marimba","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-09"},{"id":"recqVRCf9n5FlzBD7","title":"Copernican heliocentrism","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Copernican_heliocentrism_diagram.jpg?_=20091228095224","localImage":"/tech-images/copernican-heliocentrism.webp","year":1543,"dateDetails":"","type":"Theory","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Nicolaus Copernicus"],"organizations":["Frombork Cathedral"],"city":"Frombork","countryHistorical":"Poland","countryModern":"Poland","formattedLocation":"Frombork, Poland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican_heliocentrism","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxiwLWsKZJju8Ol","title":"Nonius","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Nonio_originale.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/nonius.webp","year":1542,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement","Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Pedro Nunes"],"organizations":["University of Coimbra"],"city":"Coimbra","countryHistorical":"Portugal","countryModern":"Portugal","formattedLocation":"Coimbra, Portugal","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonius_(device)","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recwzdx8MNt8TrPJB","title":"Ether","subtitle":"aka Diethyl ether","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Dietil_eter.png","localImage":"/tech-images/ether.webp","year":1540,"dateDetails":"\"The compound may have been synthesised by either Jābir ibn Hayyān in the 8th century or Ramon Llull in 1275,\" but Valerius Cordus's 1540 synthesis seems more definite. This is also approximately the date of Paracelsus discovering its analgesic properties.","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry","Medicine"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":["Valerius Cordus"],"organizations":["University of Wittenberg"],"city":"Wittenberg","countryHistorical":"Holy Roman Empire","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Wittenberg, Holy Roman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_ether","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-10"},{"id":"recu483ojhtrUnr0F","title":"Reverberatory furnace","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Fonderie_bronze_1647b.jpg?_=20060603181232","localImage":"/tech-images/reverberatory-furnace.webp","year":1540,"dateDetails":"Biringuccio's De la Pirotechnia (1540) provides detailed descriptions and woodcut illustrations of reverberatory furnaces for metal smelting, documenting established Italian practice","type":"Tool","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-13"},{"id":"recp8C7mQrPW7AFD2","title":"Galleon","subtitle":"São João Baptista","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Cornelis_Verbeeck%2C_A_Naval_Encounter_between_Dutch_and_Spanish_Warships%2C_156252_original.jpg/2560px-Cornelis_Verbeeck%2C_A_Naval_Encounter_between_Dutch_and_Spanish_Warships%2C_156252_original.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/galleon.webp","year":1534,"dateDetails":"Building date of the famous São João Baptista galleon in Portugal. There is no clear cutoff as to what counts as a \"galleon\".","type":"Tool,Weapon","fields":["Sailing","Weaponry","Transportation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Portugal, Spain","countryModern":"Portugal, Spain","formattedLocation":"Portugal; Spain","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleon","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recuMSXwczz1eQh21","title":"Violin, viola, and cello","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Viola_da_braccio.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/violin--viola--and-cello.webp","year":1530,"dateDetails":"approximate","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Italian city-states","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Italian city-states","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reczlz6lRSf8i6xve","title":"Laudanum","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dispensing_pot_for_laudanum%2C_Italy%2C_1771-1830_Wellcome_L0057458.jpg/1599px-Dispensing_pot_for_laudanum%2C_Italy%2C_1771-1830_Wellcome_L0057458.jpg?20141017090224","localImage":"/tech-images/laudanum.webp","year":1527,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Drugs"],"inventors":["Paracelsus"],"organizations":["University of Basel"],"city":"Basel","countryHistorical":"Holy Roman Empire","countryModern":"Switzerland","formattedLocation":"Basel, Holy Roman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudanum","details":"Paracelsus popularized opium in Europe and coined the word laudanum, but his opium pill differed significantly from Sydenham's tincture of opium in the 1660s, which became standard until the 20th century","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recQMdBrJB74LJ3FW","title":"Heavy arquebus","subtitle":"aka Musket","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Fotothek_df_tg_0004653_Kriegskunde_%5E_Milit%C3%A4r_%5E_Waffe_%5E_Drill_%5E_Kavallerie_%5E_Muskete.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/heavy-arquebus.webp","year":1521,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket#Heavy_arquebus","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reccYpJhpWkMksEHD","title":"Rifling","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rifling_of_a_cannon_%28M75%3B_90mm%3B_y.1891%3B_Austro-Hungarian%3B_exposed_in_Ljubljana%2C_Slovenia%29.jpg/2560px-Rifling_of_a_cannon_%28M75%3B_90mm%3B_y.1891%3B_Austro-Hungarian%3B_exposed_in_Ljubljana%2C_Slovenia%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/rifling.webp","year":1520,"dateDetails":"either Gaspard Kollner in 1498 or Augustus Kotter in 1520","type":"Technique","fields":["Weaponry","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Gaspard Kollner","Augustus Kotter"],"organizations":[],"city":"Vienna,Nuremberg","countryHistorical":"Austria, Bavaria","countryModern":"Austria, Germany","formattedLocation":"Austria; Bavaria","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifling","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recVoB3F8br67kLFl","title":"Carillon","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Earliest_Carillonneur_Picture.png","localImage":"/tech-images/carillon.webp","year":1510,"dateDetails":"\"As late as 1510, these two functions were combined into one primitive carillon in the Oudenaarde Town Hall. One set of nine bells was connected to both a keyboard and the clock's forestrike.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Percussion instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Oudenaarde","countryHistorical":"Habsburg Netherlands","countryModern":"Belgium","formattedLocation":"Oudenaarde, Habsburg Netherlands","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carillon","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2026-04-16"},{"id":"recYn3dhoDh1hfR6U","title":"Etching","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_Druckplatte_Christus_am_%C3%96lberg.jpg?_=20120818144128","localImage":"/tech-images/etching.webp","year":1510,"dateDetails":"Attributed to Daniel Hopfer circa 1500-1510; Urs Graf and Albrecht Dürer made the oldest extant prints in the 1510s","type":"Technique","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Printing"],"inventors":["Daniel Hopfer"],"organizations":[],"city":"Augsburg","countryHistorical":"Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Bavaria; Holy Roman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-26"},{"id":"recXhiaRuShn8wq2s","title":"Pocket watch","subtitle":"Watch 1505","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/PHN_-_Watch_1505.jpeg","localImage":"/tech-images/pocket-watch.webp","year":1505,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Peter Henlein"],"organizations":[],"city":"Nuremberg","countryHistorical":"Bavaria","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Nuremberg, Bavaria","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_1505","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recc6hwghHgAsMwed","title":"Star fort","subtitle":"aka Bastion fort","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Palmanova1600.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/star-fort.webp","year":1501,"dateDetails":"Forte Sangallo at Nettuno","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Weaponry","Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Italian city-states","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Italian city-states","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion_fort","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-29"},{"id":"recOK3Utq2BfujW7g","title":"Bismuth","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bismuth_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/500px-Bismuth_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/bismuth.webp","year":1500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified), Inca Empire","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified), Peru","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified); Inca Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth#History_and_etymology","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTLN9I55klFvOy6","title":"Wheellock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Pistola_espa%C3%B1ola_de_llave_de_rueda_s._XVII_%28M.A.N.%29_01.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/wheellock.webp","year":1500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Leonardo da Vinci","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheellock","details":"Sometimes attributed to Leonardo da Vinci, in a drawing from the 1490s or the 1500s, but may also be from an anonymous German mechanic.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recjWBdMJ2EknsyYv","title":"Tin-mercury amalgam mirror","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Venezia%2C_specchio_da_tavolo%2C_1590_ca.jpg/689px-Venezia%2C_specchio_da_tavolo%2C_1590_ca.jpg?20111203192738","localImage":"/tech-images/tin-mercury-amalgam-mirror.webp","year":1500,"dateDetails":"date and precise location unknown, but \"by the 16th century Venice was a center of mirror production using this technique\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Venice","countryHistorical":"Republic of Venice","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Venice, Republic of Venice","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror#Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMmS9RG5YnuNKG1","title":"Guillotine","subtitle":"Halifax Gibbet","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/HalifaxGibbetAllen.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/guillotine.webp","year":1500,"dateDetails":"Approximate. It is not known when the Halifax Gibbet was introduced, but it was probably in the 16th century.","type":"Tool","fields":["Misc"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Halifax","countryHistorical":"England","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Halifax, England","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-01-27"},{"id":"recnOOxeNR0Ml3gfv","title":"Long division","subtitle":"Danda method","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Number_Stories%2C_p78-illustration.png","localImage":"/tech-images/long-division.webp","year":1491,"dateDetails":"First printed long division algorithm, by Caldrini. The modern algorithm was devised c. 1600 by Briggs","type":"Technique","fields":["Mathematics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Italian city-states","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Italian city-states","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_division","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec8RV7JbNJD0ip7K","title":"Trombone","subtitle":"aka Sackbut","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lippi-trombone-detail.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/trombone.webp","year":1488,"dateDetails":"first evidence, in a fresco by Filippino Lippi (shown as the image)","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sackbut","details":"","imagePosition":"top right","dateAdded":"2025-06-08"},{"id":"recC52Vx3NQgka1HE","title":"Mariner's astrolabe","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Astrolabio_Aveiro_Lisboa_ca1600.jpg/440px-Astrolabio_Aveiro_Lisboa_ca1600.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/mariner-s-astrolabe.webp","year":1480,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing","Measurement"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Portugal","countryModern":"Portugal","formattedLocation":"Portugal","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariner%27s_astrolabe#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recWVpw0yFKPukeEG","title":"Viola da gamba","subtitle":"aka Viol","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Viola_da_gamba.png","localImage":"/tech-images/viola-da-gamba.webp","year":1475,"dateDetails":"mid-to-late 15th century","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recltIPDaB3KbhbDI","title":"Screwdriver","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Screwdrivers_WPC.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/screwdriver.webp","year":1475,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"France, Germany","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screwdriver","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reccD4CHfixAYCO81","title":"Cipher disk","subtitle":"Alberti cipher","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/CipherDisk2000.jpg/250px-CipherDisk2000.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cipher-disk.webp","year":1467,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Security"],"subfields":["Cryptography"],"inventors":["Leon Battista Alberti"],"organizations":[],"city":"Florence","countryHistorical":"Italian city-states","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Florence, Italian city-states","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher_disk","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recqV3gZhqtVz38n2","title":"Arquebus and matchlock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Gro%C3%9Fe_Hakenb%C3%BCchsen%2C_Zeugbuch_Maximilians.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/arquebus-and-matchlock.webp","year":1465,"dateDetails":"The exact dating of the matchlock's appearance is disputed. It could have appeared in the Ottoman Empire as early as 1465 and in Europe a little before 1475.","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ottoman Empire","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Ottoman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquebus","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec3PSEBkYgpYUX1t","title":"Coffee","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/A_dallah_a_traditional_Arabic_coffee_pot_with_cups_and_coffee_beans.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/coffee.webp","year":1450,"dateDetails":"The discovery of the plant is attributed to legendary goatherd Kaldi circa 850 in Ethiopia, but \"the earliest credible evidence of coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the 15th century in the accounts of Ahmed al-Ghaffar in Yemen\"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Food"],"subfields":["Coffee"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Yemen","countryModern":"Yemen","formattedLocation":"Yemen","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_coffee","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxwi1idTk4qSy56","title":"Heated greenhouse","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Botanical_Garden_V.L._Komarov_Botanical_Institute.jpg/500px-Botanical_Garden_V.L._Komarov_Botanical_Institute.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/heated-greenhouse.webp","year":1450,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture","Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Soon ui Jeon"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Joseon Korea","countryModern":"South Korea, North Korea","formattedLocation":"Joseon Korea","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse#15th-century_Korea","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recyrUm7vpRX3EYjP","title":"Vihuela","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bernardino_di_Betto_Pinturicchio.jpg/200px-Bernardino_di_Betto_Pinturicchio.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/vihuela.webp","year":1450,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Medieval Iberia","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Medieval Iberia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihuela","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec5PlJG6zSNFLCvG","title":"Anemometer","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wea00920.jpg/200px-Wea00920.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/anemometer.webp","year":1450,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Meteorology","Measurement"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Leon Battista Alberti"],"organizations":[],"city":"Rome","countryHistorical":"Papal States","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Rome, Papal States","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemometer","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recAJJiAuBt6TBDP2","title":"Barrel organ","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Barrel-organ_1.png","localImage":"/tech-images/barrel-organ.webp","year":1450,"dateDetails":"Letters patent in the Belgian state archives appoint Jehan van Steenken as 'Master of organs which play of themselves' under Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (r. 1419–1467). Payment records document transport of instruments from Bruges to Brussels. Solomon de Caus published detailed diagrams in 1615.","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Bruges","countryHistorical":"Burgundy","countryModern":"Belgium","formattedLocation":"Bruges, Burgundy","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_organ","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-16"},{"id":"recMq3O2h2BjdisTM","title":"Rain gauge","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jang_Yeong-sil_Science_Garden-Rain_Gauges_13-11789_Busan%2C_South_Korea_02.JPG/1600px-Jang_Yeong-sil_Science_Garden-Rain_Gauges_13-11789_Busan%2C_South_Korea_02.JPG?20140509005957","localImage":"/tech-images/rain-gauge.webp","year":1441,"dateDetails":"First standardized rain gauge, though there were earlier rain measurements in Greece, India, China, etc.","type":"Tool","fields":["Meteorology","Measurement"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Jang Yeong-sil"],"organizations":["Court of the Joseon dynasty"],"city":"Seoul","countryHistorical":"Joseon Korea","countryModern":"South Korea","formattedLocation":"Seoul, Joseon Korea","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_gauge","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recx7bH5AFPeTkmk1","title":"Printing press","subtitle":"","tier":"S","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Chodowiecki_Basedow_Tafel_21_c_Z.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/printing-press.webp","year":1439,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing","Communication"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Johannes Gutenberg"],"organizations":[],"city":"Mainz","countryHistorical":"Holy Roman Empire, Electorate of Mainz","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Holy Roman Empire; Electorate of Mainz","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recAIKe2G6u01qmxM","title":"Printing ink","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Biblia_latin_%28Paris%2C_Biblioth%C3%A8que_Mazarine%2C_Inc_1-1%29%2C_1455%2C_f._1r%2C_aquarum.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/printing-ink.webp","year":1439,"dateDetails":"Gutenberg's oil-based ink was developed because water-based writing ink wouldn't adhere to metal type.","type":"Material","fields":["Communication","Visual media"],"subfields":["Printing"],"inventors":["Johannes Gutenberg"],"organizations":[],"city":"Mainz","countryHistorical":"Holy Roman Empire, Electorate of Mainz","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Holy Roman Empire; Electorate of Mainz","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-25"},{"id":"recUwrqr6KAEQuWmq","title":"Suction pump","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Taccola_first_piston.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/suction-pump.webp","year":1433,"dateDetails":"The earliest depiction of a true suction pump (with suction pipe) is by Taccola in 1433 in Sienna. Distinct from the ancient force pump: the Greeks and Romans didn't have true suction pumps. 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Possibly found on a sarcophagus dated c. 350","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourglass","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 35%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recqmwJU3JHvuvEnI","title":"Fully mechanical astronomical clock","subtitle":"aka Astrarium","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Astrario_Dondi_05869_01_dia_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fully-mechanical-astronomical-clock.webp","year":1336,"dateDetails":"Richard of Wallingford's clock, functional by his death in 1336 but completed 20 years later by William of Walsham. Giovanni Dondi dall'Orologio's astrarium, built in 1348-1364 in Padua, was more influential and is depicted here","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping","Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Richard of Wallingford","William of Walsham"],"organizations":["St Albans Abbey"],"city":"St Albans","countryHistorical":"England","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"St Albans, England","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_clock","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-05-11"},{"id":"recW6tq02KdvQRIBV","title":"Truss bridge","subtitle":"Kapellbrücke","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Martiniplan_Luzern_Detail_Freienhof.jpg/1920px-Martiniplan_Luzern_Detail_Freienhof.jpg?_=20200629071746","localImage":"/tech-images/truss-bridge.webp","year":1333,"dateDetails":"Oldest surviving truss bridge, with a deck carried on strutted and triangulated timber trusses across 27 spans. 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clock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Salisbury_Cathedral%2C_medieval_clock.JPG/1920px-Salisbury_Cathedral%2C_medieval_clock.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/fully-mechanical-clock.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"approximate, between 1280 and 1320","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reciZdV7WSpPIkcBb","title":"Dry compass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Kardanischer-Kompass.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/dry-compass.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"traditionally attributed to Flavio Gioja c. 1300, though he may not have existed","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement","Sailing"],"subfields":["Magnetism"],"inventors":["Flavio Gioja","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Amalfi","countryHistorical":"Kingdom of Sicily","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Amalfi, Kingdom of Sicily","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavio_Gioja","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2DO3oY6Bfy5ZsL","title":"Jacob's staff","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Bastone_di_Giacobbe_inv_3167_IF_46850.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/jacob-s-staff.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"First described by Gersonides in 14th century Provence; may have been invented by Jacob ben Makir, who died in 1304","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy","Measurement","Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Montpellier","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Montpellier, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_staff#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMZGNJl0p2DzWBV","title":"New quadrant","subtitle":"aka Novus quadrans","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Horary-quadrant.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/new-quadrant.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy","Measurement"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Montpellier","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Montpellier, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec22t2XaqCLyaFks","title":"Nitric acid","subtitle":"aka Aqua fortis","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Acido_nitrico_fumante.jpg/960px-Acido_nitrico_fumante.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/nitric-acid.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"\"The conventional view is that nitric acid was first described in pseudo-Geber's De inventione veritatis (\"On the Discovery of Truth\", after c. 1300).\" May have been described earlier by Arab writers","type":"Consumable","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":["Pseudo-Geber"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec99RayffTEpOjRU","title":"Aqua regia","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Dissolution_of_gold_in_aqua_regia_%28III%29.JPG/1600px-Dissolution_of_gold_in_aqua_regia_%28III%29.JPG?20131222150811","localImage":"/tech-images/aqua-regia.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":["Pseudo-Geber"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_regia","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-09"},{"id":"recJLWbxvi3OINL3P","title":"Iceland spar","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Silfurberg.jpg/500px-Silfurberg.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/iceland-spar.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"Speculated to be the \"sunstone\" used for navigation by medieval Norse sailors","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics","Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Iceland","countryModern":"Iceland","formattedLocation":"Iceland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_spar","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-21"},{"id":"reclpRcg4cLyJPEUb","title":"Ice skates with sharp edge","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/SCENEONICE.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/ice-skate-with-sharp-steel-edge.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"\"The Dutch added edges to ice skates in the 13th or 14th century.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation","Recreation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Netherlands","countryModern":"Netherlands","formattedLocation":"Netherlands","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_skating","details":"","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":"2026-01-13"},{"id":"recUbO5pv8t1vup0Q","title":"Turpentine","subtitle":"aka Spirit of turpentine, Terebenthine","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Arsenal%2C_Ms-2888%2C_f.196v.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=original","localImage":"/tech-images/turpentine.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"The distillation of turpentine is mentioned in the Liber Ignium of Marcus Graecus, dated to the late 13th century","type":"Consumable","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Naval stores"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpentine","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-05-05"},{"id":"recPKiHhf5uHujPeI","title":"Sodium hydroxide","subtitle":"aka Caustic soda, Lye","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SodiumHydroxide.jpg/500px-SodiumHydroxide.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/sodium-hydroxide.webp","year":1295,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Yemen","countryModern":"Yemen","formattedLocation":"Yemen","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-01-29"},{"id":"recW6WUXDER2oR3KX","title":"Eyeglasses","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Conrad_von_Soest%2C_%27Brillenapostel%27_%281403%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/eyeglasses.webp","year":1286,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics","Medicine"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Pisa","countryHistorical":"Republic of Pisa","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Pisa, Republic of Pisa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasses#History","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recPZS0ntqapmyMy7","title":"Verge escapement and foliot","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Verge_and_foliot_from_De_Vick%27s_clock.svg/1920px-Verge_and_foliot_from_De_Vick%27s_clock.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/verge-escapement-and-foliot.webp","year":1283,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verge_escapement","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec0mCDKqRRSJMXKu","title":"Land mine","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/%E7%81%AB%E9%BE%8D%E7%B6%93_%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D_%E7%84%A6%E7%8E%89%E4%BA%8C_13.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/land-mine.webp","year":1277,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":["Explosives"],"inventors":["Lou Qianxia"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_mine","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recNQD6D3RaFl9rm8","title":"Portolan chart","subtitle":"Carta Pisana","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Carta_Pisana.png?20100709105410","localImage":"/tech-images/portolan-chart.webp","year":1275,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Geography","Sailing"],"subfields":["Maps"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Italian city-states","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Italian city-states","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan_chart","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec7fMisOolxj4qBe","title":"Caravel","subtitle":"","tier":"S","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Caravela_de_armada_of_Joao_Serrao.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/caravel.webp","year":1255,"dateDetails":"First documented use of the word \"caravela\" in the Portuguese language","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Portugal","countryModern":"Portugal","formattedLocation":"Portugal","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravel","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMOmAkdvvO4KqtO","title":"Silver nitrate","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Silver_nitrate_crystals.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/silver-nitrate.webp","year":1250,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Albertus Magnus"],"organizations":[],"city":"Cologne","countryHistorical":"Holy Roman Empire","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Cologne, Holy Roman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_nitrate","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recrvMlMAK7abHadA","title":"Rocket","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Oldest_depiction_of_rocket_arrows.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/rocket.webp","year":1245,"dateDetails":"May have been earlier, but first mention is a Song navy in a military exercise dated to 1245.","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":["Rocketry"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rockets","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rect7McKlPimU3S1J","title":"Cannon","subtitle":"Wuwei Bronze Cannon","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%8D%E6%B1%9F%E7%81%AB%E9%8A%83.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cannon.webp","year":1227,"dateDetails":"Approximate date of the Wuwei Bronze Cannon, Xia dynasty. \"The earliest known depiction of a cannon is a sculpture from the Dazu Rock Carvings in Sichuan dated to 1128, however, the earliest archaeological samples and textual accounts do not appear until the 13th century. The primary extant specimens of cannon from the 13th century are the Wuwei Bronze Cannon dated to 1227, the Heilongjiang hand cannon dated to 1288, and the Xanadu Gun dated to 1298. However, only the Xanadu gun contains an inscription bearing a date of production, so it is considered the earliest confirmed extant cannon.\" The image shows the Heilongjiang hand cannon.","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_cannon","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recmrWl5BU9G3cVp8","title":"Elephant clock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Al-jazari_elephant_clock.png/250px-Al-jazari_elephant_clock.png","localImage":"/tech-images/elephant-clock.webp","year":1206,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Ismail al-Jazari"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Artuqid Dynasty","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Artuqid Dynasty","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_clock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recYKVrOV7jrg63p4","title":"Zinc smelting","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/3840px-Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/zinc-smelting.webp","year":1200,"dateDetails":"Evidence of zinc smelting in 12th century Rajasthan. Zinc was recognized as a metal in the Rasaratna Samuchaya, an Indian alchemical treatise from the 13th-16th centuries","type":"Technique","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Zawar","countryHistorical":"Delhi Sultanate","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Zawar, Delhi Sultanate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recLtz8Wro94N8qFZ","title":"Hurdy-gurdy","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Louvet_Drehleier.JPG/250px-Louvet_Drehleier.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/hurdy-gurdy.webp","year":1200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recBQZSgxYSFZdV6q","title":"Gittern","subtitle":"Guitarra morisca and guitarra latina","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Guitar_latina_morisca.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/gittern.webp","year":1200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Medieval Iberia","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Medieval Iberia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gittern","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recHv6Sqznk3PzrIn","title":"Junk rig","subtitle":"Chinese lugsail","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/KITLV_-_65860_-_Chinese_junks_at_Macau_-_presumably_1900-1902.tiff/lossy-page1-317px-KITLV_-_65860_-_Chinese_junks_at_Macau_-_presumably_1900-1902.tiff.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/junk-rig.webp","year":1200,"dateDetails":"Oldest depiction from Bayon temple, Cambodia, late 12th or 13th century.","type":"Part","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","countryModern":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_rig","details":"Not Chinese in origin, although typically associated with Chinese junks","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxsfYzAc1tdnSBa","title":"Eruptor","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Huolongjing_Eruptor.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/eruptor.webp","year":1200,"dateDetails":"late 12th or early 13th century","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cannons#Eruptor","details":"Intermediate form between fire lances and cannons, when fire lances began being made of metal and put on frames","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recqyE3nH3LnEs0bm","title":"Coat of plates","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Cambridge_ms_mm531_fo139r_plates_154.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/coat-of-plates.webp","year":1188,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_plates","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recLoYss5snkrwcH4","title":"Counterweight trebuchet","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/1187_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%81.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/counterweight-trebuchet.webp","year":1187,"dateDetails":"first mention, but it's probably older","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified), Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified), Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified); Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebuchet#Counterweight_trebuchet","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2ZJfu9pvBl82iQ","title":"Post windmill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Brill_windmill_April_2017.jpg/250px-Brill_windmill_April_2017.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/post-windmill.webp","year":1185,"dateDetails":"first windmills in Europe appear in the 12th century; first reference in 1185 in Yorkshire","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Food","Energy"],"subfields":["Wind power"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_mill","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recOD42vGvzmRGdPz","title":"Domestication of vanilla","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Vanilla_florentine_codex.jpg?20090403171114","localImage":"/tech-images/domestication-of-vanilla.webp","year":1185,"dateDetails":"\"The Totonac people, who live along the eastern coast of Mexico in the present-day state of Veracruz, were among the first people to domesticate vanilla, cultivated on farms since at least 1185.\"","type":"Domestication","fields":["Agriculture","Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Totonac peoples, Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Totonac peoples; Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla","details":"","imagePosition":"left","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec6zgUYJSmdF8ABc","title":"Chimney","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Medieval_Chimney_at_King_John%27s_Palace%2C_Southampton.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/chimney.webp","year":1185,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":["Heating"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-03-07"},{"id":"recDQtIX68xQoEDFn","title":"Flying buttress","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/VillardButtressReims.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/flying-buttress.webp","year":1160,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_buttress","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-09"},{"id":"rec1F8pt7ygk8w3Pr","title":"Shawm","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Shawm_in_the_Codex_Manesse%2C_written_by_Heinrich_Frauenlob.jpg?20250203022235","localImage":"/tech-images/shawm.webp","year":1150,"dateDetails":"Medieval European version of double-reed instruments from the Eastern Mediterranean, like the aulos and zurna. Came to Europe during the time of the crusades (12th century)","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawm","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-08"},{"id":"recAKigitnq1O28Q8","title":"Distilled spirit","subtitle":"aka Liquor, Aqua vitae","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hieronymus_Brunschwig_Liber_de_arte_Distillandi_CHF_AQ13x3.jpg/1280px-Hieronymus_Brunschwig_Liber_de_arte_Distillandi_CHF_AQ13x3.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/distilled-spirit.webp","year":1150,"dateDetails":"Concentrating ethanol above the fermentation ceiling by distilling wine is firmly established in 12th-century Latin Europe (School of Salerno), enabled by water-cooled stills, and independently attested in 12th-century China (Qinglong). Earlier Arabic works (al-Kindī, 9th century) describe distilling wine, but the standard authorities (Forbes, Multhauf) hold Arab stills lacked the cooling to isolate ethanol","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food","Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Salerno,Qinglong","countryHistorical":"Italian city-states, China","countryModern":"Italy, China","formattedLocation":"Italian city-states; China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-05"},{"id":"recPYuOehj4QphRqb","title":"Sulfuric acid","subtitle":"aka Oil of vitriol","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sulphuric_acid_96_percent_extra_pure.jpg/500px-Sulphuric_acid_96_percent_extra_pure.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/sulfuric-acid.webp","year":1100,"dateDetails":"Difficult to date. Using 1100 with this justification: \"According to Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, three recipes for sulfuric acid occur in an anonymous Karshuni manuscript containing a compilation taken from several authors and dating from before c. 1100 AD\".","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recLb4jmLcvyKvZsV","title":"Chinampa","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Chinampa_asteca.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/chinampa.webp","year":1100,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Mexico City","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Mexico City, Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinampa","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTnNbb9KX08ROib","title":"Calico","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Calico_Sample.JPG/2560px-Calico_Sample.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/calico.webp","year":1100,"dateDetails":"11th century","type":"Material","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Calicut","countryHistorical":"Chola dynasty","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Calicut, Chola dynasty","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recoZKOUNdK93SPPs","title":"Buisine","subtitle":"aka Añafil","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/A%C3%B1afiles_en_las_Cantigas_de_Alfonso_X_el_Sabio.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/buisine.webp","year":1100,"dateDetails":"Approximate; the name buisine refers to European medieval trumpets that developed from trumpets found during the Crusades or in Muslim Iberia, but it may refer to several distinct instruments. Commonly considered to be the ancestor of modern brass instruments.","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buisine","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2025-06-08"},{"id":"recQinnZUOWNl7mHj","title":"Broad sheet glass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Prophetenfenster_Jonas_Augsburg_Hoher_Dom.JPG/960px-Prophetenfenster_Jonas_Augsburg_Hoher_Dom.JPG?_=20220418162418","localImage":"/tech-images/broad-sheet-glass.webp","year":1100,"dateDetails":"Theophilus's De Diversis Artibus (c. 1100–1120) describes the technique in practical detail; the Augsburg Cathedral prophet windows (late 11th century) are the earliest surviving examples","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Holy Roman Empire","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Holy Roman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_sheet_glass","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-04-03"},{"id":"rec7pGbONTH4o1tzR","title":"Endless chain drive","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Chain_drive%2C_Su_Song%27s_book_of_1092.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/endless-chain-drive.webp","year":1092,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Su Song"],"organizations":[],"city":"Kaifeng","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Kaifeng, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_drive#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDm7BfzxzNSjMOr","title":"Water-driven astronomical clock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Clock_Tower_from_Su_Song%27s_Book_desmear.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/water-driven-astronomical-clock.webp","year":1092,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping","Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Su Song"],"organizations":[],"city":"Kaifeng","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Kaifeng, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recmFC8gI0fKrjnwA","title":"Coke and coke smelting of iron (China)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Koks_Brennstoff.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/coke--fuel-.webp","year":1078,"dateDetails":"\"By the first decades of the 11th century, Chinese ironworkers in the Yellow River valley began to fuel their furnaces with coke, solving their fuel problem in that tree-sparse region. By 1078 CE, the implementation of coke as a replacement to charcoal in the production of iron in China dramatically increased the industry to 125,000 tons per year.\"","type":"Material","fields":["Energy","Metallurgy"],"subfields":["Fuels"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMHRc5PSYwgU7zl","title":"Steelmaking with partial decarbonization","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ming_Steel_Sword.jpg/1599px-Ming_Steel_Sword.jpg?20201123091131","localImage":"/tech-images/steelmaking-with-partial-decarbonization.webp","year":1075,"dateDetails":"Described by Shen Kuo in 1075","type":"Technique","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":["Steel"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelmaking#Early_history","details":"Medieval process akin to the modern Bessemer process","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recNLLtOT6vY6MXst","title":"Dry dock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Reconstruction_of_the_merchant_ship_Ceres_in_dry_dock.jpg?20170215143823","localImage":"/tech-images/dry-dock.webp","year":1070,"dateDetails":"Based on Song dynasty writing Shen Kuo. A dry dock was possibly used in antiquity around 200 AD for the Tessarakonteres ship, but this is highly uncertain.","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_dock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recyxyvYLjSW5TduV","title":"Movable type","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ningxia_Museum_wooden_moveable_print_frame.jpg/1593px-Ningxia_Museum_wooden_moveable_print_frame.jpg?20160915224823","localImage":"/tech-images/movable-type.webp","year":1040,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication","Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Printing"],"inventors":["Bi Sheng"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_type","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recbII4vNI5FRNYCN","title":"Compass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chinesischer_Kompass_im_%C3%9Cberseemuseum_2011_01.JPG/248px-Chinesischer_Kompass_im_%C3%9Cberseemuseum_2011_01.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/compass.webp","year":1040,"dateDetails":"first reference to the compass as a navigational instrument, in a Song dynasty book dated c. 1040-1044. Reached other regions like Europe and the Middle East in the 1100s-1200s","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement","Sailing"],"subfields":["Magnetism"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_compass#China","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recPuntkzUL4NyPLi","title":"Paper recycling","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%22From_Waste_Paper_into_War_Weapons%22_-_NARA_-_514339.jpg/332px-%22From_Waste_Paper_into_War_Weapons%22_-_NARA_-_514339.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/paper-recycling.webp","year":1031,"dateDetails":"\"Paper recycling was first recorded in 1031 when Japanese shops sold repulped paper.\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Japan","countryModern":"Japan","formattedLocation":"Japan","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recelk9O9lvnUbaNu","title":"Spinning wheel","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illustration_of_al-Hariri_Maqamat_spinning_wheel.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/spinning-wheel.webp","year":1030,"dateDetails":"Disputed, could be much older in China or India; but the earliest clear evidence is the 11th-century Islamic world","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_wheel","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recaxqaqFOtUbPEfG","title":"Paper money","subtitle":"Jiaozi","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hue-tzu_%28Song_Dynasty_government_issue%29%2C_1023_-_John_E._Sandrock.jpg/250px-Hue-tzu_%28Song_Dynasty_government_issue%29%2C_1023_-_John_E._Sandrock.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/paper-money.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Commerce"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Chengdu","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Chengdu, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiaozi_(currency)","details":"Jiaozi is considered the first true paper money","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recCfupHbKT4hXoCU","title":"Fireworks","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/RoyalFireworks.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fireworks.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Recreation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxoTcuj0xx56ZZe","title":"Banknote seal","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Ming_Dynasty_banknote.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/banknote-seal.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Commerce","Security"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote_seal_(China)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec93meO5nf6rYsYt","title":"Organistrum","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Organistrumsantiago20060414.jpg/200px-Organistrumsantiago20060414.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/organistrum.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"\"end of the 10th or beginning of the 11th century\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organistrum","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recgNH0bo5AD7XhNz","title":"Grenade","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG/2880px-%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/grenade.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenade","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec1j6g8mcFcQKRco","title":"Knitting","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/KnittingMadonna.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/knitting.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Fatimid Caliphate","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Fatimid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knitting","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recfp6El4rdwLjxQA","title":"Fulling mill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Fulling_mill_bockler.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fulling-mill.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"Approximate. There may evidence of a fulling mill in Roman Syria in 73-74","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Al-Andalus","countryModern":"Spain, Morocco","formattedLocation":"Al-Andalus","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulling","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recCdNWUv1jo7rYwr","title":"Fuse","subtitle":"aka Fuze","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Huolongjing_bomb.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fuse.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"Approximate. 10th century Song China","type":"Part","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":["Explosives"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(explosives)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-03-17"},{"id":"recGMpcInxIRIytrb","title":"Pound lock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/FRONT_VIEW_OF_A_BOAT.jpg/1600px-FRONT_VIEW_OF_A_BOAT.jpg?20140129150318","localImage":"/tech-images/pound-lock.webp","year":984,"dateDetails":"","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Hydraulics","Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Qiao Weiyue"],"organizations":[],"city":"Huainan","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Huainan, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(water_navigation)#Pound_lock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recGa9114oObLMRgu","title":"Tofu","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Japanese_SilkyTofu_%28Kinugoshi_Tofu%29.JPG/2560px-Japanese_SilkyTofu_%28Kinugoshi_Tofu%29.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/tofu.webp","year":965,"dateDetails":"First appearance in the written record. May be much earlier, and popularly attributed to Han dynasty prince Liu An (164 BC-122 BC)","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofu","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-14"},{"id":"recBdpTDt037mrawk","title":"Fountain pen","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/US68445.png","localImage":"/tech-images/fountain-pen.webp","year":953,"dateDetails":"Supposedly commissioned by Fatimid caliph al Mu'izz li-Din Allah. There were many developments toward modern fountain pens in 17th and 18th century Europe.","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Fatimid Caliphate","countryModern":"Tunisia, Egypt","formattedLocation":"Fatimid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_pen","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recw1xezarSCaGS4t","title":"Fire lance","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%2C_le_2025-05-24_%C3%A0_13.38.31.png","localImage":"/tech-images/fire-lance.webp","year":950,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_lance","details":"","imagePosition":"top right","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recLFLXiURkagts4H","title":"Bowed rebab","subtitle":"aka Spiked fiddle","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Rabel.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/rebab.webp","year":950,"dateDetails":"The rebab dates from no later than the 8th century, but was originally plucked, and is still described as such by al-Farabi, who died in 950. It seems likely that bows were used with the rebab later than 950, after which it originated a rich lineage of bowed instruments.","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebab","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recZ3YsJQZAOz2zmn","title":"Vielle","subtitle":"aka Medieval fiddle","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Vielles_and_Citole%2C_Manuscript_T_%28El_Escorial%2C_Biblioteca_del_Real_Monasterio%2C_MS._T._I._1%29%2C_fol._5r%2C_detail.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/vielle.webp","year":950,"dateDetails":"Hard to date precisely","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vielle","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 35%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recA9GMz1vhJAeENr","title":"Castle","subtitle":"Château de Doué-la-Fontaine","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Montbazon_-_Donjon_-2.JPG/640px-Montbazon_-_Donjon_-2.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/castle.webp","year":950,"dateDetails":"","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Weaponry","Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle","details":"image shows the Castle Site of Montbazon, built in the late 10th or 11th century","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec9r96D9wo1RLlAy","title":"Fierce-fire oil cabinet","subtitle":"aka Pen Huo Qi","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Chinese_Flamethrower.JPG/200px-Chinese_Flamethrower.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/fierce-fire-oil-cabinet.webp","year":919,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierce-fire_Oil_Cabinet","details":"Double-piston pump naphtha flamethrower; Chinese version of Greek fire, plausibly acquired indirectly (through Arabia) from the West","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recIDfm2R5pPRYBl2","title":"Fire arrow","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Manual_Fire_Arrow.jpg/200px-Manual_Fire_Arrow.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fire-arrow.webp","year":908,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_arrow","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recAoyJ9vHaqXbtQi","title":"Byzantine lyra","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Byzantine_Lyra_Museo_Nazionale.jpg/250px-Byzantine_Lyra_Museo_Nazionale.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/byzantine-lyra.webp","year":900,"dateDetails":"Approximate; first known depiction from a casket dated 900-1100 AD; also discussed by a Persian writer who died in 911","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Byzantine Empire","countryModern":"Turkey, Greece","formattedLocation":"Byzantine Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_lyra","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recM4nAqXvDahsgKW","title":"Psaltery","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/B-I-2_260R_large_psaltery.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/psaltery.webp","year":900,"dateDetails":"Evidence from the 9th century. The psaltery is the European evolution of the zither","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psaltery","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recZAcDyjrdILOCBG","title":"Cigar","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Aztec_feast_1.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cigar.webp","year":900,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Recreation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Maya civilization, Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Maya civilization; Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigar","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTSZmQEgOM6zByD","title":"Reading stone","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/2015-08_archeon_reading_stone.JPG/250px-2015-08_archeon_reading_stone.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/reading-stone.webp","year":850,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Abbas ibn Firnas"],"organizations":[],"city":"Cordoba","countryHistorical":"Al-Andalus","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Cordoba, Al-Andalus","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_stone","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reclGxXLBXDvoaUBl","title":"Frequency analysis","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Al-kindi-cryptanalysis.png","localImage":"/tech-images/frequency-analysis.webp","year":850,"dateDetails":"approximate, based on al-Kindi's lifetime","type":"Technique","fields":["Security"],"subfields":["Cryptography"],"inventors":["Al-Kindi"],"organizations":["House of Wisdom"],"city":"Baghdad","countryHistorical":"Abbasid Caliphate","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_analysis","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-04"},{"id":"recVgTseF49i1Kttp","title":"Dhow","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/A_dhow_sailing_on_Lake_Victoria.jpg/1600px-A_dhow_sailing_on_Lake_Victoria.jpg?20171129185445","localImage":"/tech-images/dhow.webp","year":830,"dateDetails":"Date of the Belitung shipwreck, the oldest material evidence of a dhow. Likely older.","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified), Africa (unspecified), Ancient India","countryModern":"unknown","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified); Africa (unspecified); Ancient India","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhow","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-04"},{"id":"rececgXRSWC2T3Tjo","title":"Sine quadrant","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0040.1_CROP.jpg/637px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0040.1_CROP.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/sine-quadrant.webp","year":820,"dateDetails":"Al-Khwarizmi worked at the House of Wisdom around that time","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Al-Khwarizmi"],"organizations":["House of Wisdom"],"city":"Baghdad","countryHistorical":"Abbasid Caliphate","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_quadrant","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxoxJ7m8lS5MSR9","title":"Gunpowder","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Black_Powder-1.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/gunpowder.webp","year":808,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Weaponry","Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec9qEjBXhd6H6MUb","title":"Flying cash","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Marchands%2C_dynastie_Tang.jpg/640px-Marchands%2C_dynastie_Tang.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/flying-cash.webp","year":804,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Commerce"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_cash","details":"Precursor to true banknotes during Tang dynasty","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recOYNC3HvPMTuWlc","title":"Panemone windmill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/2560px-%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/panemone-windmill.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"At least by the 9th century and possibly as early as the mid-to-late 7th century based on a legendary account. First clear documentary evidence in 947.","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Food","Energy"],"subfields":["Wind power"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Abbasid Caliphate","countryModern":"Iran, Afghanistan","formattedLocation":"Abbasid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panemone_windmill","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recHIxVRr4k5O4UZA","title":"Fractional distillation","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus.svg/1920px-Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/fractional-distillation.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":["Jabir ibn Hayyan","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillation","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recGyGvhvABUeuIHx","title":"Arsenic","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/250px-Arsen_1a.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/arsenic.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements","Alchemy"],"inventors":["Jabir ibn Hayyan","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec9eWXCnQJxD6tq0","title":"Antimony","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg/250px-Antimony-4.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/antimony.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements","Alchemy"],"inventors":["Jabir ibn Hayyan","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec26kBNJgjW0GUrW","title":"Oud","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Maler_der_Geschichte_von_Bay%C3%A2d_und_Riy%C3%A2d_cropped.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/oud.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"Very approximate. Emerged as an improvement of earlier instruments during the Islamic Golden Age","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified), Al-Andalus","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified), Spain","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified); Al-Andalus","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 35%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechCXJGLCXdIMJ0i","title":"Xylophone","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gyil.JPG/2880px-Gyil.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/xylophone.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"Earliest evidence in 9th-century Southeast Asia. Evolved (likely) independently in Africa at an unspecified ancient date, from where it spread to North America to become the marimba","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Percussion instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Southeast Asia (unspecified), Africa (unspecified)","countryModern":"Southeast Asia (unspecified), Africa (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Southeast Asia (unspecified); Africa (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophone","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recvregjAYpyfSIFf","title":"Blue and white pottery","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/L311_-_Coupe_au_bouquet_bleu_-_Irak.JPG/1549px-L311_-_Coupe_au_bouquet_bleu_-_Irak.JPG?20150202190852","localImage":"/tech-images/blue-and-white-pottery.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"Porcelain came from China, but the blue cobalt glaze was likely invented in Iraq in the 8th or 9th century, and then spread back to China","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Blue"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Basra","countryHistorical":"Abbasid Caliphate","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Basra, Abbasid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_and_white_pottery#14th_century","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-09"},{"id":"recPYFhCfjvQguWZu","title":"Maya blue","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Bonampak_mural._Room_1._Musicians_and_dancers.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/maya-blue.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Blue","Pigments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Maya civilization","countryModern":"Mexico, Guatemala","formattedLocation":"Maya civilization","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_blue","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2025-08-16"},{"id":"rectF21GgaS8AZrwh","title":"Soda ash from plants","subtitle":"aka Barilla, Sodium carbonate","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Salsola_sativa_Ypey96.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/soda-ash-from-plants.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"Sodium carbonate derived from halophytic plant ash (as opposed to natron deposits). The transition from natron in glassmaking occurred \"in the late 8th-early 9th century\".","type":"Technique","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Abbasid Caliphate","countryModern":"Israel, Palestine","formattedLocation":"Abbasid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_carbonate","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-01-29"},{"id":"rec5CdYhF6BDPmxuR","title":"Bow and bowed instruments","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Violas_de_arco_en_un_manuscrito_del_a%C3%B1o_900_-_950.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/bow-and-bowed-instruments.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"Origin poorly known. Speculated to come from Central Asian peoples using (archery) bows, horses, and rosined sticks for music. The image shows Iberian bowed instruments from 900-950.","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Central Asia","countryModern":"Central Asia (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Central Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(music)","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-05-06"},{"id":"recdnD8mmkoPRJQ7N","title":"Toothbrush","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%89%99%E5%88%B7.png","localImage":"/tech-images/toothbrush.webp","year":750,"dateDetails":"approximate, Tang dynasty [619–907]","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Dentistry"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothbrush","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recT37FekNoo7uc8R","title":"Maple syrup","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fabrication_du_sirop_d%27%C3%A9rables_par_les_Am%C3%A9rindiens_en_Nouvelle-France_%28XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle%29.jpg/960px-Fabrication_du_sirop_d%27%C3%A9rables_par_les_Am%C3%A9rindiens_en_Nouvelle-France_%28XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle%29.jpg?20111208174102","localImage":"/tech-images/maple-syrup.webp","year":750,"dateDetails":"extremely approximate; first documented by Europeans in the early 1600s, but is known to be far older; there is some archeological evidence from the Late Woodland period and the Mackinac phase (750-1000)","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Americas","countryModern":"Canada, USA","formattedLocation":"Ancient Americas","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_syrup","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recuGTkzIs5wF83AM","title":"Borax","subtitle":"aka Tincal","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Borax_crystals.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/borax.webp","year":750,"dateDetails":"Firm evidence for borax use begins around the 8th century AD with Arab and Persian metalworkers using Tibetan tincal as a soldering flux. Plausible but not chemically-confirmed earlier use by Mesopotamian goldsmiths.","type":"Material","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Tibet","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Tibet","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borax","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-07"},{"id":"recUFfstQxWR1w2SK","title":"Talking drum","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/TalkingDrum.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/talking-drum.webp","year":700,"dateDetails":"hard to find good sources for dating, but some suggest the 7th century in the Ghana Empire","type":"Tool","fields":["Music","Communication"],"subfields":["Percussion instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ghana Empire, Africa (unspecified)","countryModern":"Africa (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ghana Empire; Africa (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDxCCwukLdVizjK","title":"Drawn wire and draw plate","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Bergen_Universitetsmuseet_i_Bergen_Arkeologibasen_B17202-19_saumlo-drawplate.jpg?_=20231107170724","localImage":"/tech-images/drawn-wire-and-draw-plate.webp","year":700,"dateDetails":"Earliest secure drawplate: Vendel Period iron plate with silver drawing residue, Old Uppsala, 6th–8th c.","type":"Material","fields":["Metallurgy","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Uppsala","countryHistorical":"Iron Age Scandinavia","countryModern":"Sweden","formattedLocation":"Uppsala, Iron Age Scandinavia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_drawing","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-11"},{"id":"recgwhKN1fpKmfEVj","title":"Greek fire","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg/250px-Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/greek-fire.webp","year":672,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Kallinikos"],"organizations":[],"city":"Constantinople","countryHistorical":"Byzantine Empire","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Constantinople, Byzantine Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recFrxpq2LGXRQVTR","title":"Whale oil","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Candle_Factory_%281%29.jpg/1599px-Candle_Factory_%281%29.jpg?20181205204425","localImage":"/tech-images/whale-oil.webp","year":670,"dateDetails":"There is a document dating from 670 about the purchase of whale oil and blubber from Bayonne in the Basque country, by the Jumièges Abbey in Normandy; this may be the oldest evidence of whale oil being sold for illumination purposes.","type":"Consumable","fields":["Lighting","Energy"],"subfields":["Fuels","Whaling"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Bayonne","countryHistorical":"Frankish Empire","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Bayonne, Frankish Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_oil","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-27"},{"id":"recSTyGUC0TsfWHwQ","title":"Oil paint","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/oil-paint.webp","year":650,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Paint"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Bamiyan","countryHistorical":"Hephthalite principalities","countryModern":"Afghanistan","formattedLocation":"Bamiyan, Hephthalite principalities","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paint","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-17"},{"id":"rec8ggtzPyVhAUGqc","title":"Carruca","subtitle":"aka Heavy plough","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Detail_of_Les_tres_riches_heures_-_March.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/carruca.webp","year":643,"dateDetails":"Could be earlier (568) based on linguistic evidence from the Slavic area","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carruca","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec8Rpzp9XMYWBuYL","title":"Positional decimal numerals and true zero","subtitle":"Hindu-Arabic numerals","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Gwalior_zeros.jpg?20181002135224","localImage":"/tech-images/positional-decimal-numerals-and-true-zero.webp","year":628,"dateDetails":"date of the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, the first book to clearly explain the role of the zero, completing earlier developments that made the Hindu-Arabic numerals a complete positional decimal system","type":"Standard","fields":["Mathematics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Brahmagupta"],"organizations":[],"city":"Bhinmal","countryHistorical":"Chapa dynasty","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Bhinmal, Chapa dynasty","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec0k7bLEpcCRccBn","title":"Carvel boat building","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Turkey.Bodrum056.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/carvel-boat-building.webp","year":625,"dateDetails":"date of the Yassi Ada shipwreck; carvel building probably began to appear around 500","type":"Technique","fields":["Sailing","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Byzantine Empire","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified), Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Byzantine Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reczr5UBdUPTQF1HR","title":"Tide mill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Moulin_maree_brehat.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/tide-mill.webp","year":619,"dateDetails":"\"Dendrochronology has dated a tide mill on [Mahee Island] to the year 619, making this the oldest excavated tide mill anywhere in the world.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Energy","Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Medieval Ireland","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Medieval Ireland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide_mill","details":"","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":"2025-09-06"},{"id":"recjGRaRtA9epoKvB","title":"Porcelain","subtitle":"aka China","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Verseuse_ph%C3%A9nix_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2418.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/porcelain.webp","year":600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recmSZtvYiGL9DVKi","title":"Pipe organ","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Utrechts-Psalter_CANTICUM-16_organ_sheep_angel.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/pipe-organ.webp","year":600,"dateDetails":"\"By the 6th or 7th century AD, bellows were used to supply Byzantine organs with wind\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Byzantine Empire","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Byzantine Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recuI47d23Qmfdxbo","title":"Timpani","subtitle":"aka Naker, Naqareh, Kettledrum","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Iraqi_Naqqarat.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/naker.webp","year":600,"dateDetails":"or older","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Percussion instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-14"},{"id":"recjmQqa7fP2tlnF7","title":"Toilet paper","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Toiletpapier_%28Gobran111%29.jpg/500px-Toiletpapier_%28Gobran111%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/toilet-paper.webp","year":589,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Sanitation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet_paper#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec0W4KkDK6zKB9Xw","title":"Sulfur match","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Streichholz.jpg/500px-Streichholz.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/sulfur-match.webp","year":577,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Chemistry","Lighting"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recSpe8Gqi62ycImt","title":"Ammonium chloride","subtitle":"aka Sal ammoniac","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Salammoniac-456369.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/ammonium-chloride.webp","year":554,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest mention of ammonium chloride was in 554 in China. At that time, ammonium chloride came from two sources: (1) the vents of underground coal fires in Central Asia, specifically, in the Tian Shan mountains (which extend from Xinjiang province of northwestern China through Kyrgyzstan) as well as in the Alay (or Alai) mountains of southwestern Kyrgyzstan, and (2) the fumaroles of the volcano Mount Taftan in southeastern Iran\"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Central Asia, Sasanian Persia","countryModern":"China, Iran, Kyrgyzstan","formattedLocation":"Ancient Central Asia; Sasanian 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art.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":["Accessibility"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2Ag4pXdFvjU7R4","title":"Candle clock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Kerzenuhr.jpg?20070314030651","localImage":"/tech-images/candle-clock.webp","year":520,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest reference to their use to occurs in a Chinese poem by You Jiangu (AD 520).\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candle_clock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-17"},{"id":"rec4kPvj1cIonS4n2","title":"Incense 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to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt as early as the third millennium BCE\", but used as a pigment starting around the 5th-7th centuries in Buddhist and Zoroastrian caves.","type":"Consumable","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Pigments","Blue"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Sasanian Persia","countryModern":"Afghanistan","formattedLocation":"Sasanian Persia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramarine","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reccdFuC1YI0vLU1M","title":"Horse 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glass","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recU9MsdM59ajSHQn","title":"Metallic nib","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pointed_pen_parts.svg/250px-Pointed_pen_parts.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/metallic-nib.webp","year":400,"dateDetails":"Oldest one found from Roman Britain","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nib_(pen)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2rVI76Y4fZbrnr","title":"Paddle wheel boat","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/De_Rebus_Bellicis%2C_XVth_Century_Miniature.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/paddle-wheel-boat.webp","year":370,"dateDetails":"Mentioned in De rebus bellicis, a book on war machines whose date is uncertain but often given as circa 370. The paddle wheel boat mentioned in it was probably not built, and it is unclear when the first was, but the concept at least existed in antiquity.","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_steamer#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recnLHvuvTfAhlDF6","title":"Onager","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Onager_with_sling.png","localImage":"/tech-images/onager.webp","year":353,"dateDetails":"Date of first mention, by Ammianus Marcellinus","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onager_(weapon)","details":"This is the design most commonly associated with catapults, which was a generic word for artillery in Greco-Roman times","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2025-09-01"},{"id":"recpMW8Pacxl89ziA","title":"Crystallized sugar","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/crystallized-sugar.webp","year":350,"dateDetails":"approximate","type":"Technique","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Gupta Empire","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Gupta Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sugar","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recunS5HXX2aN1t3o","title":"Iron gall ink","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Codex_Ink.jpg?_=20160723110959","localImage":"/tech-images/iron-gall-ink.webp","year":350,"dateDetails":"Codex Sinaiticus (~350), earliest major manuscript in iron gall ink. Earlier references (Philo, Pliny) describe the chemistry but not as writing ink.","type":"Material","fields":["Communication","Visual media"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_gall_ink","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-24"},{"id":"recIU4gfxvTULwEi4","title":"Borehole 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Possibly described around 407 BC in Greece, but no archeological evidence so far. 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He likely came up with method improvements that turned paper into an industry.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechr8cDQ05dBnQAs","title":"Pivoted scissors","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Greek_and_Roman_Forceps-Surgical_Instruments_Wellcome_M0004760.jpg/960px-Greek_and_Roman_Forceps-Surgical_Instruments_Wellcome_M0004760.jpg?20141022215623","localImage":"/tech-images/pivoted-scissors.webp","year":100,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissors#History","details":"Modern scissor design","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxidiUDcPYJcyfX","title":"Odometer (China)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Han_dynasty_odometer_cart.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/odometer--china-.webp","year":100,"dateDetails":"\"possibly by the prolific inventor and early scientist Zhang Heng (78 AD – 139 AD)\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Zhang Heng","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odometer","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec9WqflhKqm308SE","title":"Fire piston","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fire_piston.jpg/2880px-Fire_piston.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fire-piston.webp","year":100,"dateDetails":"\"The antiquity of the fire piston in Southeast Asia is unknown, but it definitely pre-dated the Austronesian colonization of Madagascar (c. 100-500 AD).\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","countryModern":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_piston","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechFC4K0YcWCfoxN","title":"Sternpost-mounted rudder","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Pottery_boat_from_Eastern_Han_Dynasty_showing_rudder.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/sternpost-mounted-rudder.webp","year":100,"dateDetails":"1st century, Eastern Han dynasty","type":"Part","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder#Sternpost-mounted_rudder","details":"","imagePosition":"left","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rectjK8ycp2FESRe6","title":"Latitude and longitude","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PtolemyWorldMap.jpg/640px-PtolemyWorldMap.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/latitude-and-longitude.webp","year":100,"dateDetails":"approximate, based on Marinus of Tyre's lifetime. Influenced Ptolemy's Geography","type":"Technique","fields":["Geography"],"subfields":["Maps"],"inventors":["Marinus of Tyre"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified), Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinus_of_Tyre","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec1w9T70GsmpwInW","title":"Mould-board plough","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/ChineseIronPlow1637.jpg/1280px-ChineseIronPlow1637.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/mould-board-plough.webp","year":100,"dateDetails":"Han dynasty \"in the 1st and 2nd century\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plough#Mould-board_ploughing","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recgqXVcBUUooJ99x","title":"Zinc oxide","subtitle":"aka Cadmia, Philosopher's wool","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Zinc_oxide.jpg?_=20050612165817","localImage":"/tech-images/zinc-oxide.webp","year":77,"dateDetails":"Mentioned in Dioscorides' De Materia Medica (~77 CE). Zinc oxide may be mentioned in the Sanskrit text Charaka Samhita as pushpanjan, often cited at ~500 BC, but scholars date the text to 100 BCE–200 CE and the identification is only presumed.","type":"Material","fields":["Chemistry","Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-10"},{"id":"recso0EpS0Sq2iKSv","title":"Amate","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Huex_codex_1a_loc.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/amate.webp","year":75,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Communication","Visual media"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amate","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reche4A0pcXxfNPoi","title":"Divinatory compass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg/320px-Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/divinatory-compass.webp","year":70,"dateDetails":"Referenced in the Luheng, a book written c. 70-80","type":"Tool","fields":["Misc"],"subfields":["Magnetism"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_compass#China","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recLOiOy2BHuXTfx1","title":"Vending machine","subtitle":"","tier":"D","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ancient_vending_music%2C_Kotsanas_Museum_of_Ancient_Technology%2C_Athens%2C_Greece.jpg/1051px-Ancient_vending_music%2C_Kotsanas_Museum_of_Ancient_Technology%2C_Athens%2C_Greece.jpg?20250219163535","localImage":"/tech-images/vending-machine.webp","year":60,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Misc"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Hero of Alexandria"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vending_machine","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reclxF1eyHVIoTjzz","title":"Aeolipile","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/b/b8/20130121053449%21Aeolipile_illustration.png","localImage":"/tech-images/aeolipile.webp","year":60,"dateDetails":"","type":"Experiment","fields":["Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Hero of Alexandria"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolipile","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 15%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recVzbdVSBUZLLeIi","title":"Bagpipe","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Santes_Creus_Bagpiper.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/bagpipes.webp","year":60,"dateDetails":"Dio Chrysostom (1st century CE) and Suetonius (2nd century) describe Nero (reigned 54–68) playing a reedpipe with a bag under his arm (tibia utricularis)","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipes","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recfoDoXAanCScSRx","title":"Screw press","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Restored_olive_press_from_the_Roman_Empire.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/screw-press.webp","year":50,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_press","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recN7ruorEA3Iy9ve","title":"Hand plane","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Planes_tools_roman.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hand-plane.webp","year":50,"dateDetails":"Earliest examples known from Pompeii. Basic design may be much more ancient","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(tool)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTZHqFlDCwhjBls","title":"Birch bark manuscript","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_%281st_C%29%2C_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/birch-bark-manuscript.webp","year":50,"dateDetails":"The oldest birch bark scrolls from Gandhara are dated to the first half of the 1st century","type":"Material","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Gandhara","countryModern":"Afghanistan, Pakistan","formattedLocation":"Gandhara","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_bark_manuscript","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-13"},{"id":"rec9C0JMx3cUra9FD","title":"Hydraulic mining","subtitle":"Hushing, Ruina montium","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Panor%C3%A1mica_de_Las_M%C3%A9dulas.jpg/2560px-Panor%C3%A1mica_de_Las_M%C3%A9dulas.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hydraulic-mining.webp","year":50,"dateDetails":"At Las Médulas, \"large-scale production did not begin until the second half of the 1st century AD.\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Mining","Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Ponferrada","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Ponferrada, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_mining","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-14"},{"id":"recKMRaEnWUeVVDd8","title":"Glass window","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Roman_window_glass.jpg/1280px-Roman_window_glass.jpg?_=20130610071159","localImage":"/tech-images/glass-window.webp","year":50,"dateDetails":"Seneca, who died in 64, mentioned glass windows as a recent invention; physical evidence at Pompeii in 79","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction","Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2026-01-24"},{"id":"recdhf7efnNv0N9z3","title":"Soybean paste and soy sauce","subtitle":"Qingjiang","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Soy_sauce_2.jpg/250px-Soy_sauce_2.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/soybean-paste-and-soy-sauce.webp","year":40,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recbFwq6MWCH1FJBs","title":"Fluked anchor","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Nemi_060_museo_delle_Navi.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fluked-anchor.webp","year":40,"dateDetails":"Intact anchors with the familiar modern design and iron parts were found on the Nemi ships, from the reign of Caligula (37-41 AD); may be older, and descend from less advanced designs","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor#History","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recFVj1MTL4N7aNQt","title":"Water-powered blast furnace","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Yuan_Dynasty_-_waterwheels_and_smelting.png","localImage":"/tech-images/water-powered-blast-furnace.webp","year":31,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Metallurgy","Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Du Shi"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Shi","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recRhPx1pL5XMlulo","title":"Greenhouse","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Villa_of_Livia_-_Frescos_-_detail_005.jpg/3840px-Villa_of_Livia_-_Frescos_-_detail_005.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/greenhouse.webp","year":30,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture","Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Rome","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Rome, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse#Roman_Empire","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recrmjAr9izeRrn1X","title":"Soap","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Savon_d%27Alep_Laurier_12%25_-_1.jpg/1599px-Savon_d%27Alep_Laurier_12%25_-_1.jpg?20150430203810","localImage":"/tech-images/soap.webp","year":1,"dateDetails":"\"Knowledge of how to produce true soap emerged at some point between early mentions of proto-soaps and the first century AD.\"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Sanitation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap#History","details":"Attributed to \"the Gauls\" by Pliny","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recR7udJwXe04nPuh","title":"Snow goggles","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Inuit_snow_goggles.jpg/250px-Inuit_snow_goggles.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/snow-goggles.webp","year":1,"dateDetails":"Most common date on various websites seems to be \"2000 years ago\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Americas, Ancient Asia","countryModern":"USA, Canada, Russia","formattedLocation":"Ancient Americas; Ancient Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_goggles","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDiTZ41qR2v91Bn","title":"Speculum metal mirror","subtitle":"aka High-tin bronze","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/40-foot_telescope_mirror.jpg/250px-40-foot_telescope_mirror.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/speculum-metal-mirror.webp","year":1,"dateDetails":"\"The knowledge of making very hard white high luster metal out of bronze-type high-tin alloys may date back more than 2000 years in China,[3] although it could also be an invention of western civilizations.[4] Remarks in Pliny the Elder may refer to it.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics","Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China, unknown","countryModern":"China, unknown","formattedLocation":"China; unknown","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculum_metal","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recI0fQ68vGv37gtG","title":"Combination lock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sicilia%2C_cofanetto_con_serratura_a_combinazione%2C_avorio_e_metallo_dorato%2C_xiii_secolo_04.jpg/1600px-Sicilia%2C_cofanetto_con_serratura_a_combinazione%2C_avorio_e_metallo_dorato%2C_xiii_secolo_04.jpg?20160629192932","localImage":"/tech-images/combination-lock.webp","year":1,"dateDetails":"The oldest combination lock known is from Athens from the early imperial Roman era, 27 BC to 138 AD: \"Am wahrscheinlichsten ist, wie F. Willemsen mitteilt, eine Entstehung in augusteischer oder hadrianischer Zeit\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Security"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Athens","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Athens, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_lock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-19"},{"id":"reccDwE4GvN2GGsYx","title":"Lapis specularis window","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Lapis_specularis_Foro_Romano_de_Cartagena.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/lapis-specularis-window.webp","year":1,"dateDetails":"approximate","type":"Tool","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Segobriga","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Segobriga, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segobriga","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-03"},{"id":"recEOnTTMItH3jtcd","title":"Reverse overshot water wheel","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/WaterwheelsSp.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/reverse-overshot-water-wheel.webp","year":-25,"dateDetails":"or before; -25 is the description by Vitruvius","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics","Mining"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_overshot_water_wheel","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec7lbck1SjcEz753","title":"Blown glass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Verre_gallo-romain_02.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/blown-glass.webp","year":-27,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Lebanon, Syria","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassblowing#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recFBxZyGPMn1KJHl","title":"Odometer (Western)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vitruve%27s_odometer%2C_1st_century_BC%2C_Roma_%28reconstruction%29.jpg/2560px-Vitruve%27s_odometer%2C_1st_century_BC%2C_Roma_%28reconstruction%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/odometer--western-.webp","year":-27,"dateDetails":"or earlier: \"An odometer for measuring distance was first described by Vitruvius around 27 and 23 BC, during the First Punic War, although the actual inventor may have been Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC).\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odometer","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recposWSqWEnHNsaP","title":"Treadwheel crane","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Roemerkran.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/treadwheel-crane.webp","year":-30,"dateDetails":"Vitruvius's De architectura (written circa 30-20 BCE) contains a description of the Polyspaston crane. There are surviving reliefs of treadwheel cranes during the 1st century AD.","type":"Tool","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadwheel_crane","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recIEK9cJTqkbBUy3","title":"Maya numerals and zero","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dresden_Codex_f8461796.png/311px-Dresden_Codex_f8461796.png","localImage":"/tech-images/maya-numerals-and-zero.webp","year":-36,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest long count date (on Stela 2 at Chiappa de Corzo, Chiapas) is from 36 BC.\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Mathematics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Maya civilization","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Maya civilization","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_numerals","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recYNcjQrQwMTh1yc","title":"Trip hammer","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Hydraulic-Powdered_Trip_Hammers.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/trip-hammer.webp","year":-40,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Energy","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_hammer","details":"\"Although Chinese historians assert that its origins may span as far back as the Zhou Dynasty (1050 BC–221 BC), the British sinologist Joseph Needham regards the earliest texts to describe the device are the Jijiupian dictionary of 40 BC\" and other texts from 15 BC and 20 AD","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDQtsmuq1CRL0s2","title":"Arch dam","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Morrowdam.JPG/250px-Morrowdam.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/arch-dam.webp","year":-40,"dateDetails":"approximate (Glanum Dam in the 1st century BC, but after the conquest of southern Gaul by Julius Caesar)","type":"Technique","fields":["Hydraulics","Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_dam","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recAmjMsEW39ujkbM","title":"Solar calendar with leap years","subtitle":"Julian calendar","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sousse_Museum_in_the_Medina_Part1_030.jpg/1024px-Sousse_Museum_in_the_Medina_Part1_030.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/solar-calendar-with-leap-years.webp","year":-46,"dateDetails":"","type":"Standard","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Julius Caesar"],"organizations":[],"city":"Rome","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Rome, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recEczp7H045LXBBg","title":"Segmental arched bridge","subtitle":"Ponte San Lorenzo","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ponte_Molino%2C_Padua%2C_Italy._Pic_01.jpg/2880px-Ponte_Molino%2C_Padua%2C_Italy._Pic_01.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/segmental-arched-bridge.webp","year":-47,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Transportation","Construction"],"subfields":["Bridges"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Padua","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Padua, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_San_Lorenzo","details":"Image shows the Ponte Molino, another Roman-era segmental arch bridge in Padua","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recjWkrsYzxHK3utP","title":"Hipposandal","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hipposandal-ermont.jpg/250px-Hipposandal-ermont.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hipposandal.webp","year":-50,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":["Horses"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipposandal","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recAnl1CDbF5ehCXq","title":"Codex","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Devil_codex_Gigas.jpg/250px-Devil_codex_Gigas.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/codex.webp","year":-50,"dateDetails":"approximate, based on Julius Caesar's lifetime. May be older — possible evidence from Ptolemaic Egypt","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Julius Caesar","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recbl3GGj2KSE55GU","title":"Substitution cipher","subtitle":"Caesar cipher","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Caesar_cipher_left_shift_of_3.svg/1920px-Caesar_cipher_left_shift_of_3.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail&_=20140119115628","localImage":"/tech-images/substitution-cipher.webp","year":-50,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Security","Communication"],"subfields":["Cryptography"],"inventors":["Julius Caesar","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_cipher","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-04"},{"id":"rechvwVxjKL2VjxIx","title":"Armillary sphere (China)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E5%91%A8%E5%A4%A9%E7%92%87%E7%92%A3%E5%9C%96.png","localImage":"/tech-images/armillary-sphere--china-.webp","year":-52,"dateDetails":"May date from the 4th century BC, but some historians doubt this. 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Rome's earlier aqueducts (Aqua Appia 312 BC, Anio Vetus 272 BC) ran mostly underground; bridges were later (Imperial) additions. 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some scholars believe it was developed a century before that.\"","type":"Material","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_concrete","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rech3QAbNtdxbKJwU","title":"Globe","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crates_Terrestrial_Sphere.png/240px-Crates_Terrestrial_Sphere.png","localImage":"/tech-images/globe.webp","year":-150,"dateDetails":"Earliest known example, by Crates of Mallus, but the first globes probably date from when the sphericity of the Earth was established","type":"Tool","fields":["Geography"],"subfields":["Maps"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recf8dP6zmJOvinoP","title":"Paper","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Fangmatan_paper_map.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/paper.webp","year":-179,"dateDetails":"The oldest known paper fragment is a map from Fangmatan, Gansu, China, dated to 179–141 BCE","type":"Material","fields":["Communication","Visual media"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMJ1OhdyIanlFvs","title":"Cupronickel","subtitle":"aka Copper–nickel alloy, Paktong","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Euthydemos_II_cupro-nickel.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cupronickel.webp","year":-180,"dateDetails":"Coins are known from Bactria from 180 or 170 BC. Knowledge of cupronickel may date from the 3rd century BC in Yunnan, China","type":"Material","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":["Alloys"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupronickel","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechdqZMoTHqNOPvV","title":"Astrolabe","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0430_back.jpg/1920px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0430_back.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/astrolabe.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"between 220 and 150 BC","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Apollonius of Perga"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec30sYMaHy7Fxlzf","title":"Blast furnace","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nanjing_Wugengliao_Tugaoluqun_2013.10.04_11-27-54.jpg/1920px-Nanjing_Wugengliao_Tugaoluqun_2013.10.04_11-27-54.jpg?20140509130245","localImage":"/tech-images/blast-furnace.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recZwKltgmjy3kWn8","title":"Multi-tube seed drill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/ChineseSeedDrill1637.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/multi-tube-seed-drill.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_drill#History","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTEXRx0lOrOWB4c","title":"Lead pipes","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Grosvenor_Museums_-_Wasserr%C3%B6hren.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/lead-pipes.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Construction","Sanitation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Rome","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Rome, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead#Classical_era","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recBwL3jYTindKDIG","title":"Parchment","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Ashmolean_Parchment_AN_1981.940.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/parchment.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Communication","Visual media"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Pergamon","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece, Ancient Anatolia","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece; Ancient Anatolia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parchment","details":"Traditionally said to have been invented in Pergamon as a response to the cessation of papyrus imports from Egypt. Real date probably more than 1000 years earlier.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec9LkuYD2JXg7wH3","title":"Cog","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/L%C3%BCbeck_city_seal_1223.png","localImage":"/tech-images/cog.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing","Transportation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cog_(ship)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recirpK1Lw2UhKIRb","title":"Double-action piston bellows","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bellows_%28PSF%29.svg/500px-Bellows_%28PSF%29.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/double-action-piston-bellows.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellows#Metallurgy","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec3yjsSafrMB9aaZ","title":"Cochineal dye","subtitle":"aka Carmine","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Indian_collecting_cochineal.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cochineal-dye.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":["Pigments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recoMZjFgvihsxEWr","title":"Finery forge","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg?20080319095233","localImage":"/tech-images/finery-forge.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"\"A finery forge was used to refine wrought iron at least by the 3rd century BC in ancient China, based on the earliest archaeological specimens of cast and pig iron fined into wrought iron and steel found at the early Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) site at Tieshengguo. Pigott speculates that the finery forge existed in the previous Warring States period (403–221 BC), because of the wrought iron items from China dating to that period and there was no documented evidence of the bloomery ever being used in China.\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finery_forge","details":"","imagePosition":"bottom left","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDnupWxrhACmgSm","title":"Celestial globe","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/02_10_2024_Photo_Paolo_Villa-Napoli-mann-Museo_Archeologico-FO232559bis-Arte_Romana-Atlante_Farnese_Atlas-%286374%29-marmo.jpg/320px-02_10_2024_Photo_Paolo_Villa-Napoli-mann-Museo_Archeologico-FO232559bis-Arte_Romana-Atlante_Farnese_Atlas-%286374%29-marmo.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/celestial-globe.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"Oldest extant depiction is the Farnese Atlas, a statue dated 150 CE, but the invention was probably several centuries earlier and the statue is probably a copy of a Hellenistic era one","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece, Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient 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period.","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom#Figure_harness_and_the_drawloom","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recjh8xPzRLBzebUf","title":"Padlock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ancient_Roman_padlock_MANN.jpg/2560px-Ancient_Roman_padlock_MANN.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/padlock.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"\"Padlocks have been used in Europe since the middle La Tène period, subsequently spreading to the Roman world and the Przeworsk and Chernyakhov cultures.\" Middle La Tène is approximately 300 to 100 BC","type":"Tool","fields":["Security"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padlock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-19"},{"id":"recZfsJKQWUkyjOce","title":"Treadle loom","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Piren%C3%B3polis_-_State_of_Goi%C3%A1s%2C_Brazil_-_panoramio_%2872%29.jpg/1920px-Piren%C3%B3polis_-_State_of_Goi%C3%A1s%2C_Brazil_-_panoramio_%2872%29.jpg?20170714022644","localImage":"/tech-images/treadle-loom.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadle","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-02-10"},{"id":"reciq6uebN1sAFTAm","title":"Groin vault","subtitle":"aka Double barrel vault","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bab_al-Nasr_Cairo_DSCF0044.jpg/1920px-Bab_al-Nasr_Cairo_DSCF0044.jpg?20220617072102","localImage":"/tech-images/groin-vault.webp","year":-223,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Delphi","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Delphi, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groin_vault","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-01-24"},{"id":"recXIYI4oGRoeIcAF","title":"Elevator","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Konrad_Kyeser%2C_Bellifortis%2C_Clm_30150%2C_Tafel_09%2C_Blatt_38v_%28Ausschnitt%29.jpg/399px-Konrad_Kyeser%2C_Bellifortis%2C_Clm_30150%2C_Tafel_09%2C_Blatt_38v_%28Ausschnitt%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/elevator.webp","year":-236,"dateDetails":"The earliest reference to an elevator is by Vitruvius, who attributes it to Archimedes","type":"Tool","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Archimedes"],"organizations":[],"city":"Syracuse","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Syracuse, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMIWmEjR3HjHL7H","title":"Earth's circumference","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Eratosthenes%27_method_for_determining_the_size_of_the_Earth.GIF?20100524130444","localImage":"/tech-images/earth-s-circumference.webp","year":-240,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Measurement"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Eratosthenes"],"organizations":["Mouseion of Alexandria"],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_circumference","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recka479z8MO77uUX","title":"Standardized prefabricated ship building","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Marsala_ship_2.jpg?_=20120318021153","localImage":"/tech-images/standardized-prefabricated-ship-building.webp","year":-241,"dateDetails":"Date of the Battle of the Aegates, in which the Marsala Punic ships are believed to have played a role. These ships have markings representing evidence of standardized prefabricated components.","type":"Technique","fields":["Sailing","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Carthage","countryModern":"Tunisia","formattedLocation":"Carthage","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-10"},{"id":"recbyHxUAFpVQeSpR","title":"Water organ","subtitle":"aka Hydraulis","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Mosaique_Zliten.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/water-organ.webp","year":-250,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music","Hydraulics"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":["Ctesibius of Alexandria"],"organizations":["Mouseion of Alexandria"],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_organ","details":"Ctesibius' most commonly known invention today is a pipe organ (hydraulis), a predecessor of the modern church organ.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reczf7MWlxZOgeruG","title":"Archimedes' screw","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Archimedes_screw.JPG?_=20070623110510","localImage":"/tech-images/archimedes--screw.webp","year":-250,"dateDetails":"Unknown date, but frequently attributed to Archimedes, though this is controversial.","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown","Archimedes"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recHcxicQapJx5dnH","title":"Gimbal","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Villard_de_Honnecourt_-_Sketchbook_-_17.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/gimbal.webp","year":-250,"dateDetails":"approximate, based on Philo's lifetime","type":"Part","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Philo of Byzantium","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimbal","details":"Philo described it and the invention is sometimes attributed to him","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recaaXoED9rdPYQg5","title":"Watermill","subtitle":"Flour mill","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Roda_de_Vitruvi.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/water-wheel--greece-.webp","year":-250,"dateDetails":"M.J.T. Lewis assigns the horizontal-wheeled mill to Byzantium (first half of the 3rd century) and the vertical-wheeled mill to Alexandria (circa 240 BC)","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics","Energy","Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown","Philo of Byzantium"],"organizations":[],"city":"Byzantium,Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece, Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece; Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheel#Western_world","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMxLzPZxtx4QDPw","title":"Philo's thermoscope","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Fludd_figure_of_philo_experiment.png","localImage":"/tech-images/philo-s-thermoscope.webp","year":-250,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement","Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Philo of Byzantium"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometer#Philo_of_Byzantium","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-12"},{"id":"recwfi0HKcijft0Qc","title":"Saqiyah","subtitle":"aka Sakia, Tympanum","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/David_Roberts_ancient_fountain.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/saqiyah.webp","year":-250,"dateDetails":"3rd century BC, about a century after norias","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics","Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqiyah","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 35%","dateAdded":"2026-02-04"},{"id":"reci3Orwt76pK0PJb","title":"Armillary sphere (Greece)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Sph%C3%A8re_armillaire_de_l%27Encyclop%C3%A9die_de_Diderot.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/armillary-sphere--greece-.webp","year":-255,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Eratosthenes"],"organizations":[],"city":"Athens","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Athens, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillary_sphere#Hellenistic_world_and_ancient_Rome","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 35%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reckirwWKVC2l4GGY","title":"Force pump","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bomba_hidr%C3%A1ulica_romana_%28M.A.N._Inv.1936-39-1%29_01.jpg/1920px-Bomba_hidr%C3%A1ulica_romana_%28M.A.N._Inv.1936-39-1%29_01.jpg?_=20081015010308","localImage":"/tech-images/force-pump.webp","year":-270,"dateDetails":"Ctesibius's piston force pump, Alexandria, described by Philo, Vitruvius, and Hero; Roman examples found at Pompeii and Bolsena.","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Ctesibius of Alexandria","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_hydraulics_in_antiquity","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rectAREBAHBbEJEZv","title":"Catheter","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Roman_catheters.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/catheter.webp","year":-270,"dateDetails":"Various versions of the catheter were invented across several cultures over millennia. A recognizable and dateable advance is the S-shaped metal catheter, attributed to Erasistratus circa 280-260 BC.","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Surgery"],"inventors":["Erasistratus"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheter","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-27"},{"id":"receeUbRx2YR73zVZ","title":"Simple suspension bridge","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Indian_empire-_history%2C_topography%2C_geology%2C_climate%2C_population%2C_chief_cities_and_provinces%3B_tributary_and_protected_states%3B_military_power_and_resources%3B_religion%2C_education%2C_crime%3B_land_%2814766319711%29.jpg/1920px-thumbnail.jpg?_=20200930160148","localImage":"/tech-images/simple-suspension-bridge.webp","year":-285,"dateDetails":"The earliest documented simple suspension bridge, a vine deck resting on two cables, is dated by Peters (1987) to at least 285 BC in China. Consistent with Han-era records of rope bridges in Yunnan and the cable bridges of Li Bing's 3rd-century-BC Dujiangyan works","type":"Technique","fields":["Transportation","Construction"],"subfields":["Bridges"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_suspension_bridge#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recRIIP5Gk78zj5Yf","title":"Dioptra","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/AlidadePinnule.JPG?20130614145008","localImage":"/tech-images/dioptra.webp","year":-300,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy","Measurement"],"subfields":["Surveying"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece, Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Greece, Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece; Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioptra","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec9nllDcMuPONN82","title":"Cheque","subtitle":"Adesha","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Barclays_and_Co._cheque._For_39_pounds%2C_4_shillings%2C_and_2_pence._Issued_in_London_by_Messrs_Barclay_and_Tritton%2C_1793._On_display_at_the_British_Museum_in_London.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cheque.webp","year":-300,"dateDetails":"late 4th century BC","type":"Tool","fields":["Commerce"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Maurya Empire","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Maurya Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheque","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recLfwMLqPonrxAWv","title":"Saltpeter","subtitle":"aka Potassium nitrate","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Potassium_nitrate.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/saltpeter.webp","year":-300,"dateDetails":"\"Saltpeter finds mention in Kautilya's Arthashastra (compiled 300BC - 300AD), which mentions using its poisonous smoke as a weapon of war, although its use for propulsion did not appear until medieval times.\"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry","Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Maurya Empire","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Maurya Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_nitrate","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recIrf1HPFJTeZi3T","title":"Chain mail","subtitle":"aka Hauberk","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/KMM_-_Kriegergrab_Ciumesti_Kettenhemd.jpg/640px-KMM_-_Kriegergrab_Ciumesti_Kettenhemd.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/chain-mail.webp","year":-300,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest examples of surviving mail were found in the Carpathian Basin at a burial in Horný Jatov, Slovakia dated in the 3rd century BC, and in a chieftain's burial located in Ciumești, Romania. Its invention is commonly credited to the Celts, but there are examples of Etruscan pattern mail dating from at least the 4th century BC.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Celtic people","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Celtic people","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_mail","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reczGgt1ksIsAMuW5","title":"True arch bridge","subtitle":"Rhodes Footbridge","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Roma-ponterotto01.jpg/330px-Roma-ponterotto01.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/true-arch-bridge.webp","year":-300,"dateDetails":"The Rhodes Footbridge is oldest known voussoir-arch bridge, dated to the late 4th c. BC (early Hellenistic), tied to Rhodes's walled harbour. Marks the arch's first application to a bridge, though such bridges were far more common during the Roman era (e.g. Pons Aemilius, pictured, in 142 BC)","type":"Technique","fields":["Transportation","Construction"],"subfields":["Bridges"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Rhodes","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Rhodes, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons_Aemilius","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recbezT994tO6cnQ1","title":"White lead","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Make-up_box_KAM_Athens_15539.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/white-lead.webp","year":-300,"dateDetails":"Probably used earlier, but written about by Theophrastus c. 300 BC.","type":"Consumable","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy","Pigments"],"inventors":["Theophrastus","unknown"],"organizations":["Lyceum"],"city":"Athens","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Athens, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_lead","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-02"},{"id":"recHCqJTgK7FdqlYq","title":"Verdigris","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Copper%28II%29acetate_01.JPG/1598px-Copper%28II%29acetate_01.JPG?20100916151002","localImage":"/tech-images/verdigris.webp","year":-300,"dateDetails":"Written about by Theophrastus c. 300 BC.","type":"Consumable","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy","Pigments"],"inventors":["Theophrastus","unknown"],"organizations":["Lyceum"],"city":"Athens","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Athens, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-02"},{"id":"rec6nq442Z1JnZ426","title":"Keel","subtitle":"Kyrenia ship","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Kyrenia_ship.jpg/2560px-Kyrenia_ship.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/keel.webp","year":-315,"dateDetails":"Launch date of the Kyrenia, the oldest recovered ship with a keel","type":"Part","fields":["Sailing","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-27"},{"id":"recInSKWZ6pJpDxkW","title":"Caltrop","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Roman_caltrop.jpg/500px-Roman_caltrop.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/caltrop.webp","year":-331,"dateDetails":"First documented at the Battle of Gaugamela (331 BC)","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece, Ancient Mesopotamia","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece; Ancient Mesopotamia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltrop","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-03-20"},{"id":"rechRdKyc2NMs9jVT","title":"Diving bell","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Alejandro_Magno_en_submarino.jpg?_=20130730013853","localImage":"/tech-images/diving-bell.webp","year":-350,"dateDetails":"4th century; described by Aristotle","type":"Tool","fields":["Diving"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bell","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recS3X30t3wstgqKn","title":"Pike","subtitle":"Sarissa","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alexander_Mosaic_-_Cropped_to_Alexander_and_Darius_-_Spears.jpg/640px-Alexander_Mosaic_-_Cropped_to_Alexander_and_Darius_-_Spears.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/pike.webp","year":-350,"dateDetails":"approximate; began being used tactically during the reign of Philip II of Macedon (359-336)","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Macedonian army"],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Macedon","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Macedon","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_(weapon)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxcwjnHf7iPuTHt","title":"Noria and water wheel","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Aegypt1987020_hg.jpg/1920px-Aegypt1987020_hg.jpg?20101224005850","localImage":"/tech-images/noria-and-water-wheel.webp","year":-350,"dateDetails":"4th century BC","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics","Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noria","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-02-04"},{"id":"recHPFapCp9y8bMyB","title":"Animal-driven rotary mill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Stele_funeraire_boulanger_-_Narbo_Via.jpg/1280px-Stele_funeraire_boulanger_-_Narbo_Via.jpg?_=20210620164649","localImage":"/tech-images/animal-driven-rotary-mill.webp","year":-375,"dateDetails":"Evidence in a shipwreck dated 375 to 350 BC","type":"Tool","fields":["Food","Energy"],"subfields":["Horses"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Carthage","countryModern":"Tunisia, Italy","formattedLocation":"Carthage","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_mill","details":"Possibly in Carthaginian Sardinia","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recNlChMq26Pa7Jh5","title":"Ballista","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Ballista.gif","localImage":"/tech-images/ballista.webp","year":-399,"dateDetails":"The earliest form of the ballista is thought to have been developed for Dionysius of Syracuse, c. 400 BC.\n\n","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Court of Dionysius I"],"city":"Syracuse","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Syracuse, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballista","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2025-09-01"},{"id":"recrAshtUjRk7fp7m","title":"Gears","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Han_Iron_Gears_%289947881746%29.jpg/3840px-Han_Iron_Gears_%289947881746%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/gears.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"Earliest surviving gears are cast-bronze toothed wheels from Luoyang, Warring States period, 4th c. BC. Gears appeared in the Hellenistic world a little later (Philon c. 200 BC; bronze Antikythera mechanism c. 150 BC), almost certainly independently","type":"Part","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec5QEAuOGObdTFbR","title":"Traction trebuchet","subtitle":"aka Mangonel","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Warring_States_Traction_Trebuchet_Model.jpg/2560px-Warring_States_Traction_Trebuchet_Model.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/traction-trebuchet.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangonel","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec7HN3laxXJQafXZ","title":"Camera obscura","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/1545_gemma_frisius_-_camera-obscura-sonnenfinsternis_1545-650x337.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/camera-obscura.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"first written description, attributed to Mozi (470-391 BC)","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics","Astronomy","Visual media"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscura","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recoNu1MNZlfQClgQ","title":"Yakhchāl","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Yakhchal_of_Yazd_province.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/yakhch-l.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Food","Construction"],"subfields":["Cooling"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Persia","countryModern":"Iran","formattedLocation":"Ancient Persia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakhch%C4%81l","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recaiZGn8sy3tNL82","title":"Hydraulic telegraph","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Greek_Hydraulic_Telegraph_of_Aeneas_relief.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hydraulic-telegraph.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication","Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recjJk4jVasEkLmDt","title":"Petroleum as fuel","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Petroleum_sample.jpg/500px-Petroleum_sample.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/petroleum-as-fuel.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2SQ7b1uLbQkTc6","title":"Embroidery","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Chinese_silk%2C_4th_Century_BC.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/embroidery.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"\"Works in China have been dated to the Warring States period (5th–3rd century BC).\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec462HGe4xdpUpYH","title":"Muslin","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Muslin_men.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/muslin.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"\"Muslin finds mention in Megasthenes’ writings, a Greek envoy to the court of Chandragupta Maurya in the 4th century BC\"","type":"Material","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient India","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Ancient India","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslin","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recWDcPVzSI9PnsAh","title":"Encaustic painting","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Egyptian_-_Mummy_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_Walters_323.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/encaustic-painting.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Paint"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encaustic_painting","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-04-22"},{"id":"recmzpNhXhI23BamH","title":"Method of exhaustion","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Archimedes_pi.svg/2880px-Archimedes_pi.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/method-of-exhaustion.webp","year":-420,"dateDetails":"Approximate. Attributed to Antiphon, who died in 411 BC","type":"Technique","fields":["Mathematics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Antiphon"],"organizations":[],"city":"Athens","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Athens, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_exhaustion","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recFmVxQ7swU36OwQ","title":"Crossbow (Greece)","subtitle":"Gastraphetes","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/200910311250MEZ_Saalburg-Museum%2C_Gastraphetes.jpg/250px-200910311250MEZ_Saalburg-Museum%2C_Gastraphetes.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/crossbow--greece-.webp","year":-421,"dateDetails":"\"The terminus ante quem may be more precisely defined as being before 421 BC, since another Greek author, Biton (fl. 2nd century BC), whose reliability has been positively reevaluated by recent scholarship, credits two advanced forms of the gastraphetes to a certain Zopyros.\"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown","Zopyros"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece, Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastraphetes","details":"It's possible that crossbows spread from China to Europe, but there are differences in mechanism","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recPykekM1oHIpEaB","title":"Alum","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Alum.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/alum.webp","year":-430,"dateDetails":"approximate, based on Herodotus who mentioned it first in his Histories","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-01"},{"id":"recgEqCFexUAL2Q2H","title":"Spiral stairs","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Koldewey-Sicilien-vol2-table15-detail01.png?20080802095710","localImage":"/tech-images/spiral-stairs.webp","year":-480,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Selinunte","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Selinunte, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_spiral_stairs","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recEwyr1oAvzPQqPF","title":"Scythed chariot","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_charge_of_the_Persian_scythed_chariots_at_the_battle_of_Gaugamela_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg/1600px-The_charge_of_the_Persian_scythed_chariots_at_the_battle_of_Gaugamela_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg?20060321052053","localImage":"/tech-images/scythed-chariot.webp","year":-485,"dateDetails":"reign of Ajatashatru: c. 492 to 460 BCE or early 5th century BCE","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Ajatashatru"],"organizations":[],"city":"Pataliputra","countryHistorical":"Magadha","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Pataliputra, Magadha","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythed_chariot","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recSy580l6hDNx6jA","title":"Cast iron","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%E6%B2%A7%E5%B7%9E%E9%93%81%E7%8B%AE%E5%AD%902020_%284%29.jpg/2560px-%E6%B2%A7%E5%B7%9E%E9%93%81%E7%8B%AE%E5%AD%902020_%284%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cast-iron.webp","year":-500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Luhe","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Luhe, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_iron","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recpXV7BqPnBxFDjn","title":"Lighthouse","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Torre_de_H%C3%A9rcules_2023.jpg/1280px-Torre_de_H%C3%A9rcules_2023.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/lighthouse.webp","year":-500,"dateDetails":"\"Themistocles had earlier established a lighthouse at the harbour of Piraeus connected to Athens in the 5th century BC, essentially a small stone column with a fire beacon\"","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Sailing","Lighting"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Athens","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Athens, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_lighthouses","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec4yVmQacxsjnSO1","title":"Rotary quern","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Haskovo_Historic_Museum_2011_PD_021.JPG/1920px-Haskovo_Historic_Museum_2011_PD_021.JPG?_=20120513212614","localImage":"/tech-images/rotary-quern.webp","year":-500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Carthage, Celtiberian Spain","countryModern":"Spain, Tunisia","formattedLocation":"Carthage; Celtiberian Spain","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quern-stone","details":"Possibly in Celtiberian Spain, possibly in Carthage","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recT9jeqowWq9Qu6z","title":"Corn tortilla","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Tortilleras_aztecas.jpg?20090405134944","localImage":"/tech-images/corn-tortilla.webp","year":-500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilla","details":"","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reckzzsUpdCW1MtNs","title":"Ox hide 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older","type":"Discovery","fields":["Geography","Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_Earth#History_of_concept_and_measurement","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recaQfTqUKmEbRAKe","title":"Three-field crop rotation","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Three_Field_System.svg/800px-Three_Field_System.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/three-field-crop-rotation.webp","year":-500,"dateDetails":"Eastern Zhou period, 771-256 BCE. Invented independently during the European Middle Ages.","type":"Technique","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-field_system","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recBszlLd0JejJX0J","title":"Muscle cuirass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Museo_archeologico_regionale_paolo_orsi%2C_corazza_in_bronzo%2C_da_tomba_5_necropoli_della_fossa%2C_370-340_ac._01.JPG/500px-Museo_archeologico_regionale_paolo_orsi%2C_corazza_in_bronzo%2C_da_tomba_5_necropoli_della_fossa%2C_370-340_ac._01.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/muscle-cuirass.webp","year":-500,"dateDetails":"\"It first appears in late Archaic Greece and became widespread throughout the 5th and 4th centuries BC.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_cuirass","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recZ9MZ6i74klk7hM","title":"Cork","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cork.jpg/500px-Cork.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cork.webp","year":-500,"dateDetails":"Often described as dating from 3000 BC in online source, but not confirmed by archeology or scholarly sources. Use starting in the 5th century is better attested","type":"Material","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-03-26"},{"id":"recmqvF5E1B4r5Hsb","title":"Crane","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Roman_Winch_Crane_%28Model%29_ACOR_Jordan0870.jpg/640px-Roman_Winch_Crane_%28Model%29_ACOR_Jordan0870.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/crane.webp","year":-515,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rectLkkWbXc7e7qyR","title":"Pine tar","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wood_tar.jpg/250px-Wood_tar.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/pine-tar.webp","year":-540,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Naval stores"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Uppsala","countryHistorical":"Iron Age Scandinavia","countryModern":"Sweden","formattedLocation":"Uppsala, Iron Age Scandinavia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_tar","details":"","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recfEXrjEVKE7px7E","title":"Truss","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Affresco_dell%27aspetto_antico_della_basilica_costantiniana_di_san_pietro_nel_IV_secolo.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/truss.webp","year":-550,"dateDetails":"The first practical deployment of the true tie-beam truss was in West Greek (Sicilian) roof carpentry, believed to date to ~550 BC (Hodge, The Woodwork of Greek Roofs). The horizontal tie beam, carrying tension to counter the outward thrust of the rafters, is what distinguishes a true truss from a simple A-frame and allows column-free spans. Systematized and scaled up under Rome. Possible precursors in Etruria, Phrygia, and Carthage","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2026-07-02"},{"id":"rec3u5W7JGSAxyEJT","title":"Cam","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Cam2_%28PSF%29.jpg?20070902013820","localImage":"/tech-images/cam.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec74hNASiF8ataDY","title":"Lathe","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Drehbank_Petosiris.png?20170302190030","localImage":"/tech-images/lathe.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Machine tools"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified), Ancient Anatolia, Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified), Turkey, Egypt","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified); Ancient Anatolia; Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recKzeM5bduLB9k92","title":"Crucible steel","subtitle":"Wootz steel","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Watered_pattern_on_sword_blade1.Iran.JPG/320px-Watered_pattern_on_sword_blade1.Iran.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/crucible-steel.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Metallurgy","Weaponry"],"subfields":["Steel"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Kodumanal","countryHistorical":"Ancient Tamilakam","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Kodumanal, Ancient Tamilakam","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucible_steel","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recospOrwP7P5q8lh","title":"Wagonway","subtitle":"Diolkos","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Diolkos_02.jpg/1600px-Diolkos_02.jpg?20180516150230","localImage":"/tech-images/wagonway.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":["Rail"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Corinth","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Corinth, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagonway","details":"the Diolkos, built to move ships across the isthmus of Corinth","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec7THI55Q8REcHiV","title":"Coins","subtitle":"Lydian Lion coins","tier":"S","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/BMC_06.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/coins.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Commerce"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Lydia","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Lydia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_coins","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec5FJCme59AHoWar","title":"Writing (Mesoamerica)","subtitle":"Zapotec script","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Oaxaca_de_Ju%C3%A1rez%2C_Monte_Alb%C3%A1n_05.jpg/960px-Oaxaca_de_Ju%C3%A1rez%2C_Monte_Alb%C3%A1n_05.jpg?_=20190813151554","localImage":"/tech-images/writing--mesoamerica-.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"Dated based on the San José Mogote Monument 3, earliest glyphs of the Zapotec script. The Cascajal Block of the Olmec civilization is earlier (900 BC), but is controversial and a descendant-less isolate","type":"Technique","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Zapotec civilization","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Zapotec civilization","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_writing_systems","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDQsnnjC6DPh1C2","title":"Chocolate","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Mayan_people_and_chocolate.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/chocolate.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Maya civilization","countryModern":"Mexico, Guatemala","formattedLocation":"Maya civilization","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_chocolate","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recuDy7S3EEON6rUu","title":"Caliper","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89%E9%93%9C%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%BA.jpg/2880px-%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89%E9%93%9C%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%BA.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/caliper.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"Earliest calipers found in a shipwreck in Italy dated to c. 600 BC","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calipers","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rectVhzgKGkQNq0ke","title":"Vitriol","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Iron%28II%29-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg/500px-Iron%28II%29-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/vitriol.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"First attested in Neo-Assyrian lexical lists (~600 BC) classifying vitriols by color","type":"Material","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Assyria","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Assyria","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitriol","details":"Vitriol is a generic name for various sulfates, especially iron(II) sulfate (green vitriol) and copper(II) sulfate (blue vitriol)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-24"},{"id":"recI8O5T7JdDXo0YJ","title":"Rosin","subtitle":"aka Colophony","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Maison_du_patrimoine_de_Mimizan_colophane_3.jpg/1920px-Maison_du_patrimoine_de_Mimizan_colophane_3.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail&_=20170722201129","localImage":"/tech-images/rosin.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"Brittle solid produced by heating raw pine resin to drive off the volatile turpentine, distinct from pine resin itself and pine pitch. The 600 BC date is based on educated guesses related to the ancient city of Colophon as the famous source. Pliny, Galen, and Dioscorides all preserve the attribution under the names fricta and colophonia, with Dioscorides framing Colophon as the historic source (\"in times past\"), a reputation that must predate the city's destruction in 287 BC and most plausibly traces to its 7th–6th century peak.","type":"Consumable","fields":["Chemistry","Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Naval stores"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosin","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-06"},{"id":"recfpPO6HioaAAvIk","title":"War elephant","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics%2C_South_Gate%2C_Stupa_no._1%2C_Sanchi.jpg/1920px-War_over_the_Buddha%27s_Relics%2C_South_Gate%2C_Stupa_no._1%2C_Sanchi.jpg?_=20170819150238","localImage":"/tech-images/war-elephant.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient India","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Ancient India","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_elephant","details":"","imagePosition":"right","dateAdded":"2026-06-01"},{"id":"rec3D7SbH36ZSlDIn","title":"Crossbow (China)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/%E7%A7%A6%E6%9C%9D%E5%BC%A9.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/crossbow--china-.webp","year":-650,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossbow#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec3HpzaAP21rjpfb","title":"Aqueduct","subtitle":"Aqueduct of Jerwan","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Jerwan_Aqueduct.jpg/1920px-Jerwan_Aqueduct.jpg?_=20200430151432","localImage":"/tech-images/aqueduct.webp","year":-690,"dateDetails":"The aqueduct of Jerwan was built between 703 and 690 BC to supply water to Nineveh; it was the first long-distance water transportation infrastructure in the world, contrasting with water projects in places such as Knossos that were more local and akin to plumbing.","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Nineveh","countryHistorical":"Assyria","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Nineveh, Assyria","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2cmkAUK36cYJKa","title":"Placeholder zero","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Babylonian_digit_0.svg/1920px-Babylonian_digit_0.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/placeholder-zero.webp","year":-700,"dateDetails":"\"In a tablet unearthed at Kish (dating to as early as 700 BC), the scribe Bêl-bân-aplu used three hooks as a placeholder in the same Babylonian system.\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Mathematics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Babylon","countryHistorical":"Assyria","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Babylon, Assyria","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec9BGUwfY8e0Z9Qn","title":"Saddle","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Exhibition_I_am_Ashurbanipal_king_of_the_world%2C_king_of_Assyria%2C_British_Museum_%2831033563287%29.jpg/1599px-Exhibition_I_am_Ashurbanipal_king_of_the_world%2C_king_of_Assyria%2C_British_Museum_%2831033563287%29.jpg?20181130092135","localImage":"/tech-images/saddle.webp","year":-700,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":["Horses"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Assyria","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Assyria","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle","details":"The earliest known saddle-like equipment were fringed cloths or pads used by Assyrian cavalry around 700 BC. 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sugarcane","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Saccharum_officinarum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-125.jpg/200px-Saccharum_officinarum_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-125.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/domestication-of-sugarcane.webp","year":-4000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Domestication","fields":["Agriculture","Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"Papua New Guinea, Taiwan","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarcane","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recx4lQRhcl0Grqen","title":"Natron","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Emi_Koussi_crater_natron.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/natron.webp","year":-4000,"dateDetails":"\"Natron deposits, the best known of which being those at Wadi Natrun in Egypt, have been used as the flux in the production of vitreous materials from the early 4th millennium BC onwards.\" (Shortland et al. 2006)","type":"Consumable","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natron","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-17"},{"id":"recu29tNrlsJv9pvE","title":"Egyptian faience","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Faience_Vessel_with_Procession_of_Four_Bulls%2C_ca._775-653_B.C.E._%28cropped%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/egyptian-faience.webp","year":-4000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_faience","details":"Unrelated to the other material called \"faience\"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-17"},{"id":"rectmxkurNIkMe9Du","title":"Kermes dye","subtitle":"aka Crimson","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Kermes_-_Neve_Tzuf.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/kermes-dye.webp","year":-4000,"dateDetails":"Late Neolithic Mediterranean region, evidence from the Adaouste cave in southern France","type":"Consumable","fields":["Visual media","Textiles"],"subfields":["Pigments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe, Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified), Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe; Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermes_(dye)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-18"},{"id":"rec40KmX8G15EQexX","title":"Barrel 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But may be much older.","type":"Standard","fields":["Timekeeping","Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendar","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recyrMNdnubwnykQD","title":"Rammed earth","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/MurPise2.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/rammed-earth.webp","year":-8000,"dateDetails":"\"Evidence of ancient use of rammed earth has been found in Neolithic archaeological sites such as those of the Fertile Crescent, dating to the 9th–7th millennium BC\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammed_earth#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-10-04"},{"id":"rec6Eo5d2Au1IkoDS","title":"Domestication of potatoes","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Papamuseolarco.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/domestication-of-potatoes.webp","year":-8000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Domestication","fields":["Agriculture","Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric America","countryModern":"Peru, Bolivia","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric America","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_potato","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":"2025-06-05"},{"id":"recTyHNoZdLCOhxIx","title":"Vermilion","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Vermilion_pigment.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/vermillion.webp","year":-8000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Visual media","Textiles"],"subfields":["Pigments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Çatalhöyük","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Çatalhöyük, Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermilion","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-18"},{"id":"recS7iVmAC8I26xj0","title":"Defensive wall","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/A_view_of_Rani_Kot_Fort.jpg?_=20160531071606","localImage":"/tech-images/defensive-wall.webp","year":-8000,"dateDetails":"Stone wall and tower of Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Jericho","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Security","Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Jericho","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Palestine","formattedLocation":"Jericho, Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_wall","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-30"},{"id":"recQaxSKmx66NK2Yf","title":"Wattle and daub","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Mur_en_torchis.JPG?_=20071217203258","localImage":"/tech-images/wattle-and-daub.webp","year":-8000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Jericho","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Palestine","formattedLocation":"Jericho, Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattle_and_daub","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-30"},{"id":"recbtavhHtEj0Xk4F","title":"Boat","subtitle":"Dugout canoe","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Boomstamkano_van_Pesse%2C_Drents_Museum%2C_1955-VIII-2.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/boat.webp","year":-8040,"dateDetails":"date of the oldest known boat, the Pesse canoe","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Netherlands","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesse_canoe","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reccv5yrdvP1IfT0O","title":"Water well","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Lothal_-_ancient_well.jpg/1920px-Lothal_-_ancient_well.jpg?_=20140205212035","localImage":"/tech-images/water-well.webp","year":-8400,"dateDetails":"\"The oldest reliably dated well is from the pre-pottery neolithic (PPN) site of Kissonerga-Mylouthkia on Cyprus. At around 8400 BC a shaft (well 116) of circular diameter was driven through limestone to reach an aquifer at a depth of 8 metres (26 ft).\"","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe, Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Cyprus","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe; Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-03"},{"id":"recgtG433DuqYXnso","title":"Domestication of cattle","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Berl%C3%ADn_-_Pergamon_-_Porta_d%27Ishtar_-_Ur.JPG/2560px-Berl%C3%ADn_-_Pergamon_-_Porta_d%27Ishtar_-_Ur.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/domestication-of-cattle.webp","year":-8500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Domestication","fields":["Agriculture","Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesopotamia","countryModern":"Turkey, Syria","formattedLocation":"Ancient Mesopotamia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurochs#Domestication","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recP6Yu7L0brMXZQ2","title":"Sandal","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Sandalias_de_esparto_%2829139609730%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/sandal.webp","year":-8500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric America","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric America","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandal","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recFVi4SdZID78DDm","title":"Stairs","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Andreas_W._Rausch_PA_NHM_Wien_Abb_Salz-Reich_2008_Seite_62_1.tif/lossless-page1-587px-Andreas_W._Rausch_PA_NHM_Wien_Abb_Salz-Reich_2008_Seite_62_1.tif.png","localImage":"/tech-images/stairs.webp","year":-8500,"dateDetails":"There is a staircase at Göbekli Tepe Layer II, dated to the 9th millennium BC","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Göbekli Tepe","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Göbekli Tepe, Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stairs","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechyaEb27nZBVa53","title":"Mudbricks","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Mudbricks_in_Palestine_2011.jpg/250px-Mudbricks_in_Palestine_2011.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/mudbricks.webp","year":-9000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Jericho","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Palestine","formattedLocation":"Jericho, Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudbrick","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec4wPGcMnxkKzx8b","title":"Quern-stone","subtitle":"Saddle quern","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Saddle_Quern_and_Rubbing_Stone.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/quern-stone.webp","year":-9000,"dateDetails":"Earliest quern from Abu Hureyra, Syria. Grinding stones for plant processing are older but the quern proper begins here","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Syria","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quern-stone#Evolution_of_quern-stones","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recELe2BrpXEg38Cv","title":"Copper","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/NatCopper.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/copper.webp","year":-9000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec43nPEJvakcG7E6","title":"Hoe","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Skorpion_II.png","localImage":"/tech-images/hoe.webp","year":-9000,"dateDetails":"Mesolithic antler hoes in post-glacial northern Europe, appearing \"together with the first population\" after deglaciation and used as a universal foraging tool before any cultivation","type":"Tool","fields":["Food","Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoe_(tool)","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 65%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recSgJeDlBH1HRrxF","title":"Domestication of barley","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Barley_%28Hordeum_vulgare%29_-_United_States_National_Arboretum_-_24_May_2009.jpg/250px-Barley_%28Hordeum_vulgare%29_-_United_States_National_Arboretum_-_24_May_2009.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/domestication-of-barley.webp","year":-9000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Domestication","fields":["Agriculture","Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recloyfnrFDeXpcHX","title":"Clay tokens","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Clay_accounting_tokens_Susa_Louvre_n2.jpg/457px-Clay_accounting_tokens_Susa_Louvre_n2.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/clay-tokens.webp","year":-9000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Commerce","Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Syria","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ancient_numeral_systems#Clay_tokens","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recpdwPELGmyhDiax","title":"Domestication of pigs (Near East)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Demeter1.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/domestication-of-pigs--near-east-.webp","year":-9500,"dateDetails":"Remains of pigs have been dated to earlier than 11,400 years ago in Cyprus. Those animals must have been introduced from the mainland, which suggests domestication in the adjacent mainland by then","type":"Domestication","fields":["Agriculture","Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesopotamia","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Ancient Mesopotamia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechGoNI1jm4C1Rue","title":"Stonemasonry","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gobekli_Tepe_5.jpg/2880px-Gobekli_Tepe_5.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/stonemasonry.webp","year":-9500,"dateDetails":"Layer III of Göbekli Tepe","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Göbekli Tepe","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Göbekli Tepe, Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonemasonry#History_of_stonemasonry","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recq6aRrYG2P9xiXX","title":"Adze","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Adzes_from_New_Guinea.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/adze.webp","year":-9500,"dateDetails":"Preboreal–Boreal antler adzes of the North European Plain, defined by haft angle; Levantine stone adzes follow around 8,500 BC.","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing","Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Poland","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adze","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-19"},{"id":"reckydMAaePUGvZBp","title":"Domestication of wheat","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Trilla_del_trigo_en_el_Antiguo_Egipto.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/domestication-of-wheat.webp","year":-9800,"dateDetails":"","type":"Domestication","fields":["Agriculture","Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesopotamia","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Ancient Mesopotamia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheat","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recs9tA7R4riSu6Fq","title":"Domestication of sheep","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Antikensammlung_Kiel_107.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/domestication-of-sheep.webp","year":-10000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Domestication","fields":["Agriculture","Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_sheep","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recrqDwiSXpoCDxHt","title":"Tobacco","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg/250px-DunhillEarlyMorningPipeMurrays.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/tobacco.webp","year":-10000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric America","countryModern":"North America (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric America","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tobacco","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recNdiBN33hfgpAWk","title":"Domestication of goats","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Glazed_brick_depicting_a_wild_goat%2C_from_Nimrud%2C_Iraq%2C_9th-7th_century_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/1920px-Glazed_brick_depicting_a_wild_goat%2C_from_Nimrud%2C_Iraq%2C_9th-7th_century_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/domestication-of-goats.webp","year":-10000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Domestication","fields":["Agriculture","Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recYEOxINycZYd5ms","title":"Sickle","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jungsteinzeit-Sichel.jpg/1600px-Jungsteinzeit-Sichel.jpg?20090923152010","localImage":"/tech-images/sickle.webp","year":-10000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reccnB9SbMTJj1CXr","title":"Domestication of millet","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Panicum_miliaceum0.jpg?20041028024930","localImage":"/tech-images/domestication-of-millet.webp","year":-10000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Domestication","fields":["Agriculture","Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-06"},{"id":"recyQxDFCjlDBdYdx","title":"Alcohol","subtitle":"Barley beer","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Philistine_pottery_beer_Jug.JPG/1920px-Philistine_pottery_beer_Jug.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/alcohol-fermentation.webp","year":-11000,"dateDetails":"Earliest evidence of deliberate fermentation: malted-and-mashed cereal residue in stone mortars at Raqefet Cave, Israel (13,000 BP, Late Natufian), interpreted as beer for ritual feasting and predating cereal agriculture. A minority critique argues the residue reflects grain grinding for food rather than brewing, but the beer reading is the majority view. Later chemically-confirmed instances include Jiahu, China (~7000 BC, rice/honey/fruit) and Godin Tepe (~3400 BC, barley beer).","type":"Technique","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Israel","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recAD85mQgGNvSBIK","title":"Dental filling","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Inlay_on_model.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/dental-filling.webp","year":-11000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Dentistry"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_restoration","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recfSaaRcCzVwvAdJ","title":"Malting","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/2025-04-26_Brauereifest_Rheinfelden_AG_043.jpg/1920px-2025-04-26_Brauereifest_Rheinfelden_AG_043.jpg?_=20250429110820","localImage":"/tech-images/malting.webp","year":-11000,"dateDetails":"Malting is controlled germination of grain then drying to develop and preserve fermentable sugars. Originates with wild cereals (likely barley) in the Natufian era; the same Raqefet Cave evidence that attests early fermentation attests malting, so the two share the date","type":"Technique","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malting","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-04"},{"id":"recLqiYhCGBd0Uoc4","title":"Bread","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Israel_Museum_Stone_Age_Artifact.jpg/2560px-Israel_Museum_Stone_Age_Artifact.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/bread.webp","year":-12500,"dateDetails":"Made by hunter-gatherers in Jordan from wild wheat and barley: \"The oldest evidence of bread-making has been found in a 14,500-year-old Natufian site in Jordan's northeastern desert.\"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Jordan","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_bread","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-16"},{"id":"recO8jORzXfbsF3F8","title":"Musical bow","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/MusicalBow.gif/200px-MusicalBow.gif","localImage":"/tech-images/musical-bow.webp","year":-13000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_bow","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTayTGYv4MHatbF","title":"Oil lamp","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lampe_a_graisse_-_Lascaux.png/320px-Lampe_a_graisse_-_Lascaux.png","localImage":"/tech-images/oil-lamp.webp","year":-15000,"dateDetails":"\"Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Lighting"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Lascaux","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Lascaux, Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_lamp","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec4IbJBKGrkvq7SV","title":"Geometric microlith","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/DUR-76BD01_%2C_Microburin_%28FindID_732545%29.jpg/960px-DUR-76BD01_%2C_Microburin_%28FindID_732545%29.jpg?_=20190222234155","localImage":"/tech-images/geometric-microlith.webp","year":-15000,"dateDetails":"Geometric backed microliths (microburin technique) appear in the Magdalenian; flourish in the Mesolithic. Earlier Howiesons Poort backed segments are an excluded dead-end","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlith","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-06-19"},{"id":"recTro14EKW1473QL","title":"Pottery","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pottery_bowl%2C_7100-5800_BCE%2C_from_Jarmo%2C_Sulaymaniyah%2C_Iraq._Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/2560px-Pottery_bowl%2C_7100-5800_BCE%2C_from_Jarmo%2C_Sulaymaniyah%2C_Iraq._Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/pottery.webp","year":-18000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric 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Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullroarer","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recNancMHt5WjT9Fa","title":"Spear-thrower","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nativo_do_Novo_Mundo_lan%C3%A7ando_flecha_com_o_propulsor_ou_est%C3%B3lica.jpg/200px-Nativo_do_Novo_Mundo_lan%C3%A7ando_flecha_com_o_propulsor_ou_est%C3%B3lica.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/spear-thrower.webp","year":-20000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool,Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spear-thrower","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxYaebHvkwV82vU","title":"Travois","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Blackfoot_travois_1.jpg?20120819170910","localImage":"/tech-images/travois.webp","year":-20000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric America","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric America","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travois","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recVi8C1yFWj265Fk","title":"Fish hook","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Hook_%28AM_1939.232-7%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fish-hook.webp","year":-22380,"dateDetails":"The oldest fish hooks (made from sea snail shells) were discovered in Sakitari Cave in Okinawa Island ","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"Japan","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_hook","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recoGnHzbJMyuV7vP","title":"Domestication of the dog","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Fondazione_Passar%C3%A9_V31_189.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/domestication-of-the-dog.webp","year":-23000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Domestication","fields":["Misc"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"Russia","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2aqvldP7XgZvV4","title":"Ceramic","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Vestonicka_venuse_edit.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/ceramic.webp","year":-26000,"dateDetails":"Approximate date of the Venus of Dolní Věstonice and other Gravettian-era figurines, the oldest ceramic artifacts knowm","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recJOy9KJJDqQOaCV","title":"Weaving and basketry","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Warp_and_weft_2.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/weaving.webp","year":-27000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Czechia","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recqcmIBac6NGXtZ7","title":"Fishing net","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AntreaNet.jpg/440px-AntreaNet.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fishing-net.webp","year":-27000,"dateDetails":"First evidence of fishing nets, from Korea","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"South Korea","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_net","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recV08djToSDwKiq4","title":"Earth oven","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chauffage_des_pierres_volcaniques.jpg/1599px-Chauffage_des_pierres_volcaniques.jpg?20150601032808","localImage":"/tech-images/earth-oven.webp","year":-29000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":["Fire"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_oven","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec5OoWycfAO3VHyY","title":"Charcoal","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charcoal_8.jpg/250px-Charcoal_8.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/charcoal.webp","year":-30000,"dateDetails":"evidence of charcoal being used for drawing; use for burning may be much older","type":"Material","fields":["Energy","Visual media"],"subfields":["Pigments","Periodic table elements","Fuels"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Sumer, Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Iraq, Egypt","formattedLocation":"Sumer; Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal","details":"First use of pure carbon","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recetsh0Cspkx6ehR","title":"Linen","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Linen_cloth.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/linen.webp","year":-34000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"Georgia","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recctTP693eOID2C9","title":"Flute","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Flauta_paleol%C3%ADtica.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/flute.webp","year":-35000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_flute","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recgVoHvrEE9gfxZy","title":"Mortar and pestle","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stone_Age_Stone_Mortar_%26_Pestle%2C_Kebaran_culture%2C_22000-18000_BP.jpg/1920px-Stone_Age_Stone_Mortar_%26_Pestle%2C_Kebaran_culture%2C_22000-18000_BP.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/mortar-and-pestle.webp","year":-35000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec40cc2etqykMqAA","title":"Sewing needle","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Aiguille_os_246.1_Global.jpg/2880px-Aiguille_os_246.1_Global.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/sewing-needle.webp","year":-38000,"dateDetails":"From Denisova Cave, approximately 40,000 BP","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"South Africa","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing_needle#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recfSrPN6DmrYkIKH","title":"Burin","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Burin_213_5_Global.jpg/1920px-Burin_213_5_Global.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/burin.webp","year":-40000,"dateDetails":"Burination becomes a systematic technique in the early Upper Paleolithic; sporadic Middle Paleolithic occurrences don't form a continuous lineage","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)","details":"","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":"2026-06-19"},{"id":"rec2kvoo0YuiKfXiL","title":"Tally stick","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Ishango_bone_%28cropped%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/tally-stick.webp","year":-42000,"dateDetails":"Date of the Lebombo bone, oldest possible tally stick, from Eswatini. Later discoveries date to -28000 (wolf bone in Czechia) and -20000 to -18000 (Ishango bone in Congo)","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"Eswatini","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tally_stick","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recsYNuWw1KPvw0wC","title":"Ground stone tool","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/ground-stone.webp","year":-42000,"dateDetails":"Earliest stone-working by abrasion in Pleistocene Australia, long predating its association with the Neolithic","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Australia","countryModern":"Australia","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Australia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_stone","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recRIkVzzYfK46Mp6","title":"Microblade","subtitle":"aka Laminar microlith","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Denbigh_microblades.jpg?_=20200227184250","localImage":"/tech-images/microblade.webp","year":-42000,"dateDetails":"Earliest systematic bladelet microliths, proto-Aurignacian Dufour bladelets","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microblade_technology","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-19"},{"id":"recPsyr2eIXVnMhia","title":"Mining","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Roodepoort_Artisanal_Mine_Adit_3.jpg?20130920155915","localImage":"/tech-images/mining.webp","year":-47000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Mining"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"Eswatini","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining#Prehistory","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMCcI3J3s5oopdU","title":"Rope and twine","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Constriction_of_rope.png","localImage":"/tech-images/rope-and-twine.webp","year":-50000,"dateDetails":"Earliest possible evidence, attributed to Neanderthals","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing","Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec8zaAnmPrKFSv6G","title":"Boomerang","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%22Egyptian_boomerang%22_%283210654118%29.jpg/200px-%22Egyptian_boomerang%22_%283210654118%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/boomerang.webp","year":-50000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Australia","countryModern":"Australia","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Australia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang","details":"Specifically returning boomerangs. Also independently invented elsewhere (North America, Egypt, Europe)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxchDBECMCCPdKK","title":"Tree resin","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/R%C3%A9sine.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/tree-resin.webp","year":-50000,"dateDetails":"Evidence of Neanderthal use of tree resin for hafting between 55,000 and 40,000 years ago","type":"Consumable","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Naval stores"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-05"},{"id":"recRGT1Jqrs9QHzsP","title":"Blade","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lame_207.2_global_Horizontal.jpg/1920px-Lame_207.2_global_Horizontal.jpg?_=20110101114544","localImage":"/tech-images/blade.webp","year":-50000,"dateDetails":"Earliest systematic volumetric blade production in the surviving lineage, Initial Upper Paleolithic (Boker Tachtit, Levant); earlier blade episodes (Howiesons Poort) were descendant-less","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Israel","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithic_blade","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-19"},{"id":"recP5duPnB6m03TIy","title":"Raft","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flo%C3%9F.jpg?_=20161213194317","localImage":"/tech-images/raft.webp","year":-63000,"dateDetails":"Earliest estimated date of settlement of Australia, for which rafts would have been necessary","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raft","details":"","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recYYdRfQNKCoUkGn","title":"Cave painting","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cave-painting.webp","year":-65000,"dateDetails":"\"The oldest known cave painting is from Liang Metanduno on Muna Island, a handprint dated at least 67,800 years old.\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Paint"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"Indonesia","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDrAsCiY1XNX6qL","title":"Bitumen","subtitle":"aka Asphalt","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bitumen.jpg/500px-Bitumen.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/bitumen.webp","year":-69000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"Syria","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recpxmQ26z9EnDs8D","title":"Bow and arrow","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Morella_%28combate-de-arquero.png","localImage":"/tech-images/bow-and-arrow.webp","year":-70000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"South Africa","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archery#Prehistory","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recXccaftzMDHcKzv","title":"Stitching awl","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Os_Tart%C3%A9_MHNT_PRE.2009.0.248.2_Noir.jpg/960px-Os_Tart%C3%A9_MHNT_PRE.2009.0.248.2_Noir.jpg?20101020165252","localImage":"/tech-images/stitching-awl.webp","year":-73000,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest bone awls are found in southern Africa, at Blombos Cave approximately 73,000 to 70,000 years ago\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stitching_awl","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-02-01"},{"id":"recRmIDAhu2IPRBVa","title":"Pressure flaking","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Solutrean_tools_22000_17000_Crot_du_Charnier_Solutre_Pouilly_Saone_et_Loire_France.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/pressure-flaking.webp","year":-73000,"dateDetails":"Earliest pressure-flaked points, Blombos, South Africa (75,000 BP); 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This headset had an active attenuation bandwidth of approximately 50–500 Hz, with a maximum attenuation of approximately 20 dB.[3] By the late 1980s the first commercially available active noise reduction headsets became available.\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_noise_control","dateAdded":"2025-08-13"},{"source":"rec3PSEBkYgpYUX1t","target":"recjikEi1oUSZ8qoE","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-08-14"},{"source":"recrUpdhKP2U1Ekti","target":"recjikEi1oUSZ8qoE","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-08-14"},{"source":"recMBT3EhAvIeFYPn","target":"recjikEi1oUSZ8qoE","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-08-14"},{"source":"recJa0LzXIbabDOOS","target":"recKvnhH0mYx20FR7","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The first bombs to be dropped from airplanes were grenades, starting in 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It was this apparatus which Ramsay used when he demonstrated the isolation of about 70 mL of argon to his class on 17 November.\"","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-12"},{"source":"recEGivEf0kCwZVbZ","target":"recGitia1RCUEqRfs","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-12"},{"source":"recPKJHmIdosqqsMq","target":"recu0KE7gkbb1dI6z","type":"Byproduct","details":"Huygens was grinding lenses for refracting telescopes; it seems likely he then applied those lenses to his magic lantern","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-12"},{"source":"rectDXT3pT5nbsMtx","target":"recHlbRdHDNq0Y9MB","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-12"},{"source":"recAp38V2AsY8j8tq","target":"recHlbRdHDNq0Y9MB","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-12"},{"source":"recFDH9Bm4sTWNJqa","target":"recHlbRdHDNq0Y9MB","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Compatible color was a layer added on top of the existing 525-line NTSC monochrome broadcast standard","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-12"},{"source":"rec5eD8cw9fK8Pk8U","target":"recBLBVrPAjZDUghk","type":"Inspiration","details":"\"Ramsay had written to Rayleigh on 24 May 1894: 'Has it occurred to you that there is room for gaseous elements at the end of the periodic table?'\"","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-13"},{"source":"rec0XKGiMl3E3IdEb","target":"recBLBVrPAjZDUghk","type":"Inspiration","details":"\"Argon was first isolated from air in 1894 by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay at University College London by removing oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen from a sample of clean air\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon","dateAdded":"2026-05-13"},{"source":"recc5dxLTMPhmE9nN","target":"recBLBVrPAjZDUghk","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"If a high potential is applied across the electrodes, the gas shows a discharge which can be broken up by a grating or prism into a line spectrum which is characteristic of the gas. Argon showed the spectrum which is illustrated in Figure 11, and is characterised by a strong blue line.\"","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-13"},{"source":"recEN6Zu49wOSBVPe","target":"recBLBVrPAjZDUghk","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"Ramsay characterised the gas by sealing it at reduced pressure in a tube fitted with a pair of electrodes, called a Plücker or Geissler tube.\"","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-13"},{"source":"recBLBVrPAjZDUghk","target":"reckGgTxwgBGddSaa","type":"Inspiration","details":"\"On the day after Ramsay's lecture (1 February 1895) Sir Henry Meirs, who was the chief mineralogist at the British Museum, wrote to Ramsay saying that an American geologist, Hillebrand, had reported that some uranite minerals, notably cleveite, gave off a gas when treated with acid or fused with sodium carbonate. Hillebrand thought that the gas was nitrogen, but Meirs and Ramsay thought it might be argon from some compound of argon in the mineral.\" Argon therefore inspired the investigation that led to isolating helium.","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-14"},{"source":"recdCNoPojWeKGo5V","target":"recGwqz1aZccAuW2E","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"Dr W. Hampson, working with the Brin Oxygen Company (which later became the British Oxygen Company) had built a liquid air machine early in 1898... 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It seemed that with He 4 (before lithium) and Ar 40 (before potassium), if these were the first and third members of a new Group, there should be an inert gas of the same family, with an atomic weight of about 20 (before sodium).\"","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-14"},{"source":"recc5dxLTMPhmE9nN","target":"recGwqz1aZccAuW2E","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"Ramsay and Travers transferred the most volatile fraction into a discharge tube; it gave a blaze of crimson light. They had separated neon from the impure argon.\"","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-14"},{"source":"recdCNoPojWeKGo5V","target":"recXVmhrpisNtc8ec","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"Hampson provided them with about three quarters of a litre of liquid air on 24 May 1898. 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That shaping was done with stone tools; hand axe is the era-appropriate representative","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-30"},{"source":"recbaMdbFV4Kj66fm","target":"recTp7yOiLrsnW4KY","type":"Component","details":"The 75 fired a self-contained smokeless brass round","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-30"},{"source":"recMCcI3J3s5oopdU","target":"recxYaebHvkwV82vU","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-30"},{"source":"recYi5GfhL5G386cR","target":"recTp7yOiLrsnW4KY","type":"Component","details":"The hydro-pneumatic recoil mechanism that defines the gun is a hydraulic cylinder adapted to absorb recoil: oil and compressed air take up the barrel's energy and return it to battery, working like a shock absorber","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-30"},{"source":"recWV406clhXMPy1u","target":"reczgRNAqTF4GHrC6","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-30"},{"source":"recEgoKYCgnpnVpWD","target":"recn6cZuYaiNjnHDV","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Hide cutting and scraping needs only a sharp struck edge, not the prepared core Levallois technique","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-30"},{"source":"recf2NACe4G1sfCtX","target":"recXccaftzMDHcKzv","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-30"},{"source":"recn6cZuYaiNjnHDV","target":"reck45ASwGPu8CCej","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-30"},{"source":"recn6cZuYaiNjnHDV","target":"recf2NACe4G1sfCtX","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-30"},{"source":"recf2NACe4G1sfCtX","target":"receST9ZUo0Jtwat2","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-30"},{"source":"recXccaftzMDHcKzv","target":"receST9ZUo0Jtwat2","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-06-30"},{"source":"recP6Yu7L0brMXZQ2","target":"receST9ZUo0Jtwat2","type":"Improvement","details":"The enclosed shoe develops from the open strapped-sole sandal; 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