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Arnold Electric put it into production for soda fountains, and Fred Waring's household Blendor of the 1930s reworked the same design.","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":["Home appliances"],"inventors":["Stephen Poplawski"],"organizations":["Arnold Electric Company"],"city":"Racine, Wisconsin","countryHistorical":"USA","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Racine, Wisconsin, USA","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(appliance)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-09-03"},{"id":"recoOo4Q49WFBJ2Qb","title":"Insulin","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Insulin_struct.png/500px-Insulin_struct.png","localImage":"/tech-images/insulin.webp","year":1921,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Biology","Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Frederick Banting","Charles Best"],"organizations":["University of Toronto"],"city":"Toronto","countryHistorical":"Canada","countryModern":"Canada","formattedLocation":"Toronto, Canada","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin#History_of_study","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recYRYTm3VRMtl0yN","title":"Vibraphone","subtitle":"aka Vibraharp","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/1928IntlMusicianDeaganVibeAd.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/vibraphone.webp","year":1921,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Percussion instruments"],"inventors":["Herman E. 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Field tests at Belle Isle outside Oklahoma City that June had already shown the instrument could reveal subsurface structure capable of holding oil.","type":"Technique","fields":["Mining"],"subfields":["Seismology"],"inventors":["John Clarence Karcher","William P. Haseman","David W. 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Pre-Columbian Andean smiths had sintered platinum grains far earlier but that is poorly dated and the practice died out","type":"Technique","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["William Hyde Wollaston"],"organizations":["private laboratory"],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"UK","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, UK","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_metallurgy","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-16"},{"id":"recA8MnvcaQmYG5bg","title":"Self-igniting match","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Phosphorus_bottle_pocket_matches%2C_1828_-_Joseph_Allen_Skinner_Museum_-_DSC07746.JPG/3840px-Phosphorus_bottle_pocket_matches%2C_1828_-_Joseph_Allen_Skinner_Museum_-_DSC07746.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/self-igniting-match.webp","year":1805,"dateDetails":"\"The first modern, self-igniting match was invented in 1805 by Jean Chancel, assistant to Professor Louis Jacques Thénard of Paris. 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1712","type":"Technique","fields":["Misc"],"subfields":["Whaling"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Nantucket","countryHistorical":"British America","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Nantucket, British America","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_whaling","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-27"},{"id":"recdy8dwQckEMtjBV","title":"Tuning fork","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/A440_Tuning_Fork.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled&_=20090216233743","localImage":"/tech-images/tuning-fork.webp","year":1711,"dateDetails":"Traditional date for Shore's fork, repeated throughout the tuning-fork literature, including Feldmann's history of the instrument; no contemporary document fixes it more precisely. 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In 1811 these were upgraded to the \"double action\" pedal system patented by Sébastien Erard.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":["Jakob Hochbrucker"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Bavaria","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Bavaria","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedal_harp","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-03"},{"id":"recTtPs3PdprEHTz0","title":"Stepped reckoner","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Leibnitzrechenmaschine.jpg/200px-Leibnitzrechenmaschine.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/stepped-reckoner.webp","year":1694,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"],"organizations":[],"city":"Hanover","countryHistorical":"Hanover","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Hanover, Hanover","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepped_reckoner","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recXcmydQTj72ZnNK","title":"Polished plate glass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/Encyclopedie_volume_3-298.png","localImage":"/tech-images/polished-plate-glass.webp","year":1688,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":["Louis Lucas de Nehou","Abraham Thevart"],"organizations":["Saint-Gobain"],"city":"","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polished_plate_glass","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":"2026-04-04"},{"id":"recVJzXESF7QaJUQz","title":"Newton's laws of motion","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Principia_Page_1726.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/newton-s-laws-of-motion.webp","year":1687,"dateDetails":"","type":"Theory","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Isaac Newton"],"organizations":["University of Cambridge"],"city":"Cambridge","countryHistorical":"England","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Cambridge, England","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica#Location_of_early_edition_copies","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recnXFgK4quReavSJ","title":"Coal tar","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Ampulle_Carbolineum.jpeg?20190804123131","localImage":"/tech-images/coal-tar.webp","year":1682,"dateDetails":"From French Wikipedia: \"Johann Joachim Becher, dans son ouvrage Närrische Weißheit Und Weise Narrheit de 1682, aurait été le premier à proposer la fabrication de goudron de houille ; sur le modèle employé par les Suédois pour obtenir le goudron de pin.\"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Chemistry","Manufacturing","Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Johann Joachim Becher"],"organizations":[],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"England","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, England","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_tar","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-01"},{"id":"recYSCrZGk3VPQV6Q","title":"Gunpowder piston engine","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Huyghens_Engine.png","localImage":"/tech-images/gunpowder-piston-engine.webp","year":1680,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Christiaan Huygens"],"organizations":[],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_engine","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recoFUI3dKbIaAfSU","title":"Anchor escapement","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Anchor_escapement.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/anchor-escapement.webp","year":1680,"dateDetails":"Attributed to William Clement who began selling clocks with it in 1680, but there may be earlier clocks with it","type":"Part","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["William Clement"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"England","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"England","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_escapement","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recpXcklJMdruxkY7","title":"Pressure cooker","subtitle":"Steam digester","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Papin%27s_digester.gif","localImage":"/tech-images/pressure-cooker.webp","year":1679,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Denis Papin"],"organizations":[],"city":"London","countryHistorical":"England","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"London, England","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_digester","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recnUOKJHcpjjvgae","title":"Speed of light","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Illustration_from_1676_article_on_Ole_R%C3%B8mer%27s_measurement_of_the_speed_of_light.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/speed-of-light.webp","year":1676,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Ole Rømer"],"organizations":[],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B8mer%27s_determination_of_the_speed_of_light","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recFQalnKhFLV7PcZ","title":"Chain rule","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Chain_rule_en.png","localImage":"/tech-images/chain-rule.webp","year":1676,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Mathematics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz"],"organizations":[],"city":"Paris,Hanover","countryHistorical":"France, Hanover","countryModern":"France, Germany","formattedLocation":"France; 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Pepys went to see it in January 1661 and described it as newly made. It covered about an acre and a half and served for fitting out rather than cargo. 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De Morbo Gallico (\"The French Disease\", referring to syphilis) was published in 1564, two years after Falloppio's death.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Reproductive health"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_condoms","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Syphilis","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-01-24"},{"id":"reclbHAIAQ6Wh9Bab","title":"Flintlock musket","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg/1280px-Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/flintlock-musket.webp","year":1558,"dateDetails":"Associated with the snaphance. Later, in the 17th century, muskets used the \"true\" flintlock mechanism","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket#Flintlock_musket","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTuDB4PF5OxgYgY","title":"Snaphance","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Snaphaunce_guns-Sweedish-mid17cent.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/snaphance.webp","year":1558,"dateDetails":"Late 1550s. \"In Swedish the word Snapphane is first recorded 1558\". ","type":"Part","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snaphance","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechl2QaSMm6Vrzj4","title":"Hydrochloric acid","subtitle":"aka Muriatic acid, Spirits of salt","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hydrochloric_acid_30_percent.jpg/330px-Hydrochloric_acid_30_percent.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hydrochloric-acid.webp","year":1558,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest recipes for the production of hydrochloric acid are found in Giovanni Battista Della Porta's Magiae naturalis (\"Natural Magic\")\". Magiae naturalis was first published in Naples in 1558. ","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":["Giovanni Battista Della Porta","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Naples","countryHistorical":"Kingdom of Naples","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Naples, Kingdom of Naples","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-09"},{"id":"recOlPSc5sJdRIgQw","title":"Baroque guitar","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_013.jpg/1920px-Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_013.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/baroque-guitar.webp","year":1555,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest attestation of a five-stringed guitar comes from the mid-sixteenth-century Spanish book Declaracion de Instrumentos Musicales by Juan Bermudo, published in 1555.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_guitar","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recwEPwaSuTUH0rO0","title":"Patio process","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hacienda_Nueva_de_Fresnillo.jpg/960px-Hacienda_Nueva_de_Fresnillo.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/patio-process.webp","year":1554,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Mining"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Bartolomé de Medina"],"organizations":[],"city":"Pachuca","countryHistorical":"New Spain","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Pachuca, New Spain","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_process","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recf1QXjoZ4vz14HE","title":"Vigenère cipher","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/VigenereSquare2.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled&_=20061105230905","localImage":"/tech-images/vigen-re-cipher.webp","year":1553,"dateDetails":"Bellaso published the cipher in La cifra del Sig. Giovan Battista Bellaso, replacing Alberti's mechanical disk with a text keyword driving a table of alphabets. Making the key a memorable word rather than the state of a device is what let polyalphabetic encryption spread. Vigenère's Traicté des chiffres of 1586 describes an autokey variant; the attribution to him is a nineteenth-century error, and the name has stuck.","type":"Technique","fields":["Security"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Giovan Battista Bellaso"],"organizations":[],"city":"Venice","countryHistorical":"Republic of Venice","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Venice, Republic of Venice","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-08-30"},{"id":"rec351OXOe0QzMopi","title":"Dulcian","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Dulcians_Brussels_ret.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/dulcian.webp","year":1550,"dateDetails":"probably earlier, bur early evidence is scant","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulcian","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-08"},{"id":"recF4r4qXTgceonNd","title":"Variolation","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_hand_with_three_smallpox_pustules._Coloured_etching_by_W._Wellcome_V0016659.jpg/940px-A_hand_with_three_smallpox_pustules._Coloured_etching_by_W._Wellcome_V0016659.jpg?20141030234059","localImage":"/tech-images/variolation.webp","year":1549,"dateDetails":"The first clear reference to smallpox inoculation was made by the Chinese author Wan Quan (1499–1582) in his Douzhen xinfa (痘疹心法) published in 1549.","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Vaccines"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variolation","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec7LXcflfKnypKM6","title":"Snaplock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Snappl%C3%A5sb%C3%B6ssa%2C_1500-tal_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_103605.tif/lossy-page1-2880px-Snappl%C3%A5sb%C3%B6ssa%2C_1500-tal_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_103605.tif.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/snaplock.webp","year":1547,"dateDetails":"\"In 1547 a corresponding law in Florence in describing the different locks speak of matchlock, wheellock and a lock with stone and steel. In this cases it is more or less inarguable that the weapons in question are snaplocks. Arsenal accounts from 1547 in Sweden also explicitly mention snaplocks, and continued to do so in 1548 and beyond.\" May date from 1517, but this is less certain.","type":"Part","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snaplock","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recOK3Utq2BfujW7g","title":"Bismuth","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bismuth_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/500px-Bismuth_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/bismuth.webp","year":1546,"dateDetails":"Bismuth had been mined and worked in central Europe earlier, but was treated as a kind of lead or tin ore rather than its own substance. 1546 is when Georgius Agricola, in De Natura Fossilium, described it in print as a distinct metal in its own right. The often-cited 1753 demonstration by Geoffroy confirmed what Agricola had already recorded","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements"],"inventors":["Georgius Agricola"],"organizations":[],"city":"Chemnitz","countryHistorical":"Holy Roman Empire","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Chemnitz, Holy Roman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Native bismuth","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recSGedg56jr9YHel","title":"Glasshouse","subtitle":"aka Orangery, Conservatory, Greenhouse","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Zitruskultur_-_Giovanni_Battista_Ferrari.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/glasshouse.webp","year":1545,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture","Construction"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Italian city-states","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Italian city-states","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangery","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechB0m5C7yLXg025","title":"Marimba","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/The_Marimba_%281888%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/marimba.webp","year":1545,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Percussion instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"New Spain","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"New Spain","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marimba","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-09"},{"id":"recqVRCf9n5FlzBD7","title":"Copernican heliocentrism","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Copernican_heliocentrism_diagram.jpg?_=20091228095224","localImage":"/tech-images/copernican-heliocentrism.webp","year":1543,"dateDetails":"","type":"Theory","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Nicolaus Copernicus"],"organizations":["Frombork Cathedral"],"city":"Frombork","countryHistorical":"Poland","countryModern":"Poland","formattedLocation":"Frombork, Poland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican_heliocentrism","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxiwLWsKZJju8Ol","title":"Nonius","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Nonio_originale.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/nonius.webp","year":1542,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement","Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Pedro Nunes"],"organizations":["University of Coimbra"],"city":"Coimbra","countryHistorical":"Portugal","countryModern":"Portugal","formattedLocation":"Coimbra, Portugal","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonius_(device)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recwzdx8MNt8TrPJB","title":"Ether","subtitle":"aka Diethyl ether","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Dietil_eter.png","localImage":"/tech-images/ether.webp","year":1540,"dateDetails":"\"The compound may have been synthesised by either Jābir ibn Hayyān in the 8th century or Ramon Llull in 1275,\" but Valerius Cordus's 1540 synthesis seems more definite. This is also approximately the date of Paracelsus discovering its analgesic properties.","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry","Medicine"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":["Valerius Cordus"],"organizations":["University of Wittenberg"],"city":"Wittenberg","countryHistorical":"Holy Roman Empire","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Wittenberg, Holy Roman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_ether","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-10"},{"id":"recu483ojhtrUnr0F","title":"Reverberatory furnace","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Fonderie_bronze_1647b.jpg?_=20060603181232","localImage":"/tech-images/reverberatory-furnace.webp","year":1540,"dateDetails":"Biringuccio's De la Pirotechnia (1540) provides detailed descriptions and woodcut illustrations of reverberatory furnaces for metal smelting, documenting established Italian practice","type":"Tool","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-13"},{"id":"recp8C7mQrPW7AFD2","title":"Galleon","subtitle":"São João Baptista","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Cornelis_Verbeeck%2C_A_Naval_Encounter_between_Dutch_and_Spanish_Warships%2C_156252_original.jpg/2560px-Cornelis_Verbeeck%2C_A_Naval_Encounter_between_Dutch_and_Spanish_Warships%2C_156252_original.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/galleon.webp","year":1534,"dateDetails":"Building date of the famous São João Baptista galleon in Portugal. There is no clear cutoff as to what counts as a \"galleon\".","type":"Tool,Weapon","fields":["Sailing","Weaponry","Transportation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Portugal, Spain","countryModern":"Portugal, Spain","formattedLocation":"Portugal; Spain","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleon","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recuMSXwczz1eQh21","title":"Violin, viola, and cello","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Viola_da_braccio.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/violin--viola--and-cello.webp","year":1530,"dateDetails":"approximate","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Italian city-states","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Italian city-states","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reczlz6lRSf8i6xve","title":"Laudanum","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dispensing_pot_for_laudanum%2C_Italy%2C_1771-1830_Wellcome_L0057458.jpg/1599px-Dispensing_pot_for_laudanum%2C_Italy%2C_1771-1830_Wellcome_L0057458.jpg?20141017090224","localImage":"/tech-images/laudanum.webp","year":1527,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Drugs"],"inventors":["Paracelsus"],"organizations":["University of Basel"],"city":"Basel","countryHistorical":"Holy Roman Empire","countryModern":"Switzerland","formattedLocation":"Basel, Holy Roman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudanum","details":"Paracelsus popularized opium in Europe and coined the word laudanum, but his opium pill differed significantly from Sydenham's tincture of opium in the 1660s, which became standard until the 20th century","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recQMdBrJB74LJ3FW","title":"Heavy arquebus","subtitle":"aka Musket","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Fotothek_df_tg_0004653_Kriegskunde_%5E_Milit%C3%A4r_%5E_Waffe_%5E_Drill_%5E_Kavallerie_%5E_Muskete.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/heavy-arquebus.webp","year":1521,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket#Heavy_arquebus","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reccYpJhpWkMksEHD","title":"Rifling","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rifling_of_a_cannon_%28M75%3B_90mm%3B_y.1891%3B_Austro-Hungarian%3B_exposed_in_Ljubljana%2C_Slovenia%29.jpg/2560px-Rifling_of_a_cannon_%28M75%3B_90mm%3B_y.1891%3B_Austro-Hungarian%3B_exposed_in_Ljubljana%2C_Slovenia%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/rifling.webp","year":1520,"dateDetails":"either Gaspard Kollner in 1498 or Augustus Kotter in 1520","type":"Technique","fields":["Weaponry","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Gaspard Kollner","Augustus Kotter"],"organizations":[],"city":"Vienna,Nuremberg","countryHistorical":"Austria, Bavaria","countryModern":"Austria, Germany","formattedLocation":"Austria; Bavaria","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifling","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recVoB3F8br67kLFl","title":"Carillon","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Earliest_Carillonneur_Picture.png","localImage":"/tech-images/carillon.webp","year":1510,"dateDetails":"\"As late as 1510, these two functions were combined into one primitive carillon in the Oudenaarde Town Hall. One set of nine bells was connected to both a keyboard and the clock's forestrike.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Percussion instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Oudenaarde","countryHistorical":"Habsburg Netherlands","countryModern":"Belgium","formattedLocation":"Oudenaarde, Habsburg Netherlands","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carillon","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2026-04-16"},{"id":"recYn3dhoDh1hfR6U","title":"Etching","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_Druckplatte_Christus_am_%C3%96lberg.jpg?_=20120818144128","localImage":"/tech-images/etching.webp","year":1510,"dateDetails":"Attributed to Daniel Hopfer circa 1500-1510; Urs Graf and Albrecht Dürer made the oldest extant prints in the 1510s","type":"Technique","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Printing"],"inventors":["Daniel Hopfer"],"organizations":[],"city":"Augsburg","countryHistorical":"Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Bavaria; Holy Roman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-26"},{"id":"recXhiaRuShn8wq2s","title":"Pocket watch","subtitle":"Watch 1505","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/PHN_-_Watch_1505.jpeg","localImage":"/tech-images/pocket-watch.webp","year":1505,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Peter Henlein"],"organizations":[],"city":"Nuremberg","countryHistorical":"Bavaria","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Nuremberg, Bavaria","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_1505","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recc6hwghHgAsMwed","title":"Star fort","subtitle":"aka Bastion fort","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Palmanova1600.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/star-fort.webp","year":1501,"dateDetails":"Forte Sangallo at Nettuno","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Weaponry","Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Italian city-states","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Italian city-states","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion_fort","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-29"},{"id":"recTLN9I55klFvOy6","title":"Wheellock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Pistola_espa%C3%B1ola_de_llave_de_rueda_s._XVII_%28M.A.N.%29_01.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/wheellock.webp","year":1500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Leonardo da Vinci","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheellock","details":"Sometimes attributed to Leonardo da Vinci, in a drawing from the 1490s or the 1500s, but may also be from an anonymous German mechanic.","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recjWBdMJ2EknsyYv","title":"Tin-mercury amalgam mirror","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Venezia%2C_specchio_da_tavolo%2C_1590_ca.jpg/689px-Venezia%2C_specchio_da_tavolo%2C_1590_ca.jpg?20111203192738","localImage":"/tech-images/tin-mercury-amalgam-mirror.webp","year":1500,"dateDetails":"Date and precise location unknown, but \"by the 16th century Venice was a center of mirror production using this technique\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Venice","countryHistorical":"Republic of Venice","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Venice, Republic of Venice","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror#Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMmS9RG5YnuNKG1","title":"Guillotine","subtitle":"Halifax Gibbet","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/HalifaxGibbetAllen.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/guillotine.webp","year":1500,"dateDetails":"Approximate. It is not known when the Halifax Gibbet was introduced, but it was probably in the 16th century.","type":"Tool","fields":["Misc"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Halifax","countryHistorical":"England","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Halifax, England","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-01-27"},{"id":"recnOOxeNR0Ml3gfv","title":"Long division","subtitle":"Danda method","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Number_Stories%2C_p78-illustration.png","localImage":"/tech-images/long-division.webp","year":1491,"dateDetails":"First printed long division algorithm, by Caldrini. 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It could have appeared in the Ottoman Empire as early as 1465 and in Europe a little before 1475.","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ottoman Empire","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Ottoman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquebus","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec3PSEBkYgpYUX1t","title":"Coffee","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/A_dallah_a_traditional_Arabic_coffee_pot_with_cups_and_coffee_beans.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/coffee.webp","year":1450,"dateDetails":"The discovery of the plant is attributed to legendary goatherd Kaldi circa 850 in Ethiopia, but \"the earliest credible evidence of coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the 15th century in the accounts of Ahmed al-Ghaffar in Yemen\"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Food"],"subfields":["Coffee"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Yemen","countryModern":"Yemen","formattedLocation":"Yemen","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_coffee","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Coffee plant (Coffea arabica)","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxwi1idTk4qSy56","title":"Heated greenhouse","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Botanical_Garden_V.L._Komarov_Botanical_Institute.jpg/500px-Botanical_Garden_V.L._Komarov_Botanical_Institute.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/heated-greenhouse.webp","year":1450,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture","Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Soon ui Jeon"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Joseon Korea","countryModern":"South Korea, North Korea","formattedLocation":"Joseon Korea","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse#15th-century_Korea","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recyrUm7vpRX3EYjP","title":"Vihuela","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bernardino_di_Betto_Pinturicchio.jpg/200px-Bernardino_di_Betto_Pinturicchio.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/vihuela.webp","year":1450,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Medieval Iberia","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Medieval Iberia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihuela","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec5PlJG6zSNFLCvG","title":"Anemometer","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Wea00920.jpg/200px-Wea00920.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/anemometer.webp","year":1450,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Meteorology","Measurement"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Leon Battista Alberti"],"organizations":[],"city":"Rome","countryHistorical":"Papal States","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Rome, Papal States","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemometer","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recAJJiAuBt6TBDP2","title":"Barrel organ","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Barrel-organ_1.png","localImage":"/tech-images/barrel-organ.webp","year":1450,"dateDetails":"Letters patent in the Belgian state archives appoint Jehan van Steenken as 'Master of organs which play of themselves' under Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy (r. 1419–1467). 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Al-Jazari's 1206 twin-cylinder pump incorporated a suction pipe but was a force pump in primary action.","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Taccola","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Sienna","countryHistorical":"Italian city-states","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Sienna, Italian city-states","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_pump","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":"2026-06-29"},{"id":"recDVS2jcGHQ69iXi","title":"Mainspring","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Clock_Mainspring.png","localImage":"/tech-images/mainspring.webp","year":1430,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest existing spring driven clock is the chamber clock given to Phillip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, around 1430\"","type":"Part","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Burgundy","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Burgundy","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainspring","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recoXl5lOxJ6PWWiQ","title":"Engraving","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/Raubtier_Neun_%28Meister_der_Spielkarten%29.png?_=20070101102647","localImage":"/tech-images/engraving.webp","year":1430,"dateDetails":"Appears in 1430s Rhineland, associated with an anonymous printer referred to as the \"Master of the Playing Cards\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Printing"],"inventors":["Master of the Playing Cards"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Holy Roman Empire","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Holy Roman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)","details":"First intaglio printmaking technique","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-17"},{"id":"recPA07MezS2k7tnF","title":"Coach","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Schemel-Hungarian_coach%2C_1568.jpg?_=20170524072716","localImage":"/tech-images/coach.webp","year":1426,"dateDetails":"Earliest documented instance of the Kocs light wagon: two gifted to Italian envoys at Tata Castle, 1426 (Pipo of Ozora). Kocs wheelwrights already noted 1421. 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German poem; probably dates from the early 14th century","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clavichord","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-08"},{"id":"recuyydKhCksaaqMx","title":"Bidriware","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hookah_base_-_Deccan_-_1700_-1750_-_Louvre_-_MAO_719.jpg/500px-Hookah_base_-_Deccan_-_1700_-1750_-_Louvre_-_MAO_719.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/bidriware.webp","year":1400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Bidar","countryHistorical":"Bahmani Sultanate","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Bidar, Bahmani 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number of sources dating their use back to the late 14th century.\"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":["Paper"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_cartridge","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recvVmmUHWJWVqcFU","title":"Harpsichord","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Clavecin_flamand.png","localImage":"/tech-images/harpsichord.webp","year":1397,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Padua","countryHistorical":"Padua","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Padua, 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Accounts place the change across the 1300s, with the more careful of them putting it late in the century. A steel prod could be forged and fitted as soon as it cooled, where a composite one had to be laminated and left to cure for months.","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_crossbows","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":"2026-08-09"},{"id":"recg2ttKneB0Fs61U","title":"Balance wheel","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Tractatus_Astrarii_page.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/balance-wheel.webp","year":1364,"dateDetails":"earliest existing drawing of a balance wheel, in Giovanni de Dondi's astronomical clock, built 1364, Padua, Italy","type":"Part","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_wheel","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 35%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recnH3iJO2eVb7bm9","title":"Breech-loading swivel gun","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Perier_a_boite_en_fer_forge_Western_Europe_1410.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/breech-loading-swivel-gun.webp","year":1364,"dateDetails":"Earliest attested use in Burgundy","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Burgundy","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Burgundy","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breech-loading_swivel_gun","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-09"},{"id":"recuPzPgNdFbAyeNV","title":"Naval mine","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Chinese_Naval_Mine.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/naval-mine.webp","year":1360,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":["Explosives"],"inventors":["unknown","Jiao Yu","Liu Bowen"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine","details":"Naval mines were first invented by Chinese innovators of Imperial China and were described in thorough detail by the early Ming dynasty artillery officer Jiao Yu, in his 14th-century military treatise known as the Huolongjing.","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDQSv0wvD6q6pSE","title":"Multistage rocket","subtitle":"Huolongchushui","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_Multistage_Rocket.JPG/250px-Chinese_Multistage_Rocket.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/multistage-rocket.webp","year":1360,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":["Rocketry"],"inventors":["unknown","Jiao Yu","Liu Bowen"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huolongchushui","details":"An illustration and description in the 14th century Chinese Huolongjing by Jiao Yu and Liu Bowen shows the oldest known multistage rocket; this was the \"fire-dragon issuing from the water\" (火龙出水, huǒ lóng chū shuǐ), which was used mostly by the Chinese navy.","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recJa0LzXIbabDOOS","title":"Fragmentation bomb","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Ming_Dynasty_fragmentation_bomb.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fragmentation-bomb.webp","year":1360,"dateDetails":"Described in the Huolongjing, dated 1360-1375","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":["Explosives"],"inventors":["unknown","Jiao Yu","Liu Bowen"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragmentation_(weaponry)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec38e9JPtJalSkOq","title":"Volley gun","subtitle":"Ribauldequin or organ gun","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Philipp_M%C3%B6nch_-_Kriegsbuch_-_cod._pal._germ._126_-_069.jpg/1920px-Philipp_M%C3%B6nch_-_Kriegsbuch_-_cod._pal._germ._126_-_069.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/volley-gun.webp","year":1339,"dateDetails":"\"The first known ribauldequin was used by the army of Edward III of England in 1339 in France during the Hundred Years' War.\"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"England","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"England","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volley_gun","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec8P04nSvemQ3iXB","title":"Hourglass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Ambrogio_Lorenzetti_002-detail-Temperance.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hourglass.webp","year":1338,"dateDetails":"unclear origin; first clear evidence on a 1338 painting. Possibly found on a sarcophagus dated c. 350","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourglass","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 35%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recqmwJU3JHvuvEnI","title":"Fully mechanical astronomical clock","subtitle":"aka Astrarium","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Astrario_Dondi_05869_01_dia_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fully-mechanical-astronomical-clock.webp","year":1336,"dateDetails":"Richard of Wallingford's clock, functional by his death in 1336 but completed 20 years later by William of Walsham. Giovanni Dondi dall'Orologio's astrarium, built in 1348-1364 in Padua, was more influential and is depicted here","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping","Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Richard of Wallingford","William of Walsham"],"organizations":["St Albans Abbey"],"city":"St Albans","countryHistorical":"England","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"St Albans, England","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_clock","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-05-11"},{"id":"recW6tq02KdvQRIBV","title":"Truss bridge","subtitle":"Kapellbrücke","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Martiniplan_Luzern_Detail_Freienhof.jpg/1920px-Martiniplan_Luzern_Detail_Freienhof.jpg?_=20200629071746","localImage":"/tech-images/truss-bridge.webp","year":1333,"dateDetails":"Oldest surviving truss bridge, with a deck carried on strutted and triangulated timber trusses across 27 spans. Earlier truss/strutted timber bridges existed but none survive or are firmly dated\n","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Transportation","Construction"],"subfields":["Bridges"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Lucerne","countryHistorical":"Switzerland","countryModern":"Switzerland","formattedLocation":"Lucerne, Switzerland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss_bridge","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-02"},{"id":"recaKzAaImsqJw34j","title":"Crown glass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Butzenfenster_4-reihig_von_innen_Stabkirche_Wang.jpg/960px-Butzenfenster_4-reihig_von_innen_Stabkirche_Wang.jpg?_=20131203213642","localImage":"/tech-images/crown-glass.webp","year":1330,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Rouen","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Rouen, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_glass_(window)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-03"},{"id":"rec3Wtz8uGwnwVlwQ","title":"Recorder","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/The_Mocking_of_Jesus_scene_of_the_musicians_ca_1315-1317_A.D.%2C_Recorder.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/recorder.webp","year":1315,"dateDetails":"Various specimens from the 14th century in Europe; oldest representation may be 1315, \"The Mocking of Christ\" in North Macedonia","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-04-29"},{"id":"recy9MSuiywyHAzL9","title":"Worm drive roller gin","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Neuthoni%2C_an_instrument_to_separate_cotton_from_its_seeds.jpg/1920px-Neuthoni%2C_an_instrument_to_separate_cotton_from_its_seeds.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/worm-drive-roller-gin.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Yadava dynasty, Vijayanagara Empire, Bahmani Sultanate","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Yadava dynasty; Vijayanagara Empire; Bahmani Sultanate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin#Medieval_and_Early_Modern_India","details":"13th or 14th century: Worm gear cotton gin in Peninsular India (i.e. probably under the Yadava dynasty although may also be the Vijayanagara Empire or Bahmani Sultanate).","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rect0nuGIL4aGFGrM","title":"Fully mechanical clock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Salisbury_Cathedral%2C_medieval_clock.JPG/1920px-Salisbury_Cathedral%2C_medieval_clock.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/fully-mechanical-clock.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"approximate, between 1280 and 1320","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reciZdV7WSpPIkcBb","title":"Dry compass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Kardanischer-Kompass.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/dry-compass.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"traditionally attributed to Flavio Gioja c. 1300, though he may not have existed","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement","Sailing"],"subfields":["Magnetism"],"inventors":["Flavio Gioja","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Amalfi","countryHistorical":"Kingdom of Sicily","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Amalfi, Kingdom of Sicily","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavio_Gioja","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2DO3oY6Bfy5ZsL","title":"Jacob's staff","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Bastone_di_Giacobbe_inv_3167_IF_46850.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/jacob-s-staff.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"First described by Gersonides in 14th century Provence; may have been invented by Jacob ben Makir, who died in 1304","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy","Measurement","Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Montpellier","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Montpellier, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_staff#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMZGNJl0p2DzWBV","title":"New quadrant","subtitle":"aka Novus quadrans","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Horary-quadrant.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/new-quadrant.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy","Measurement"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Jacob ben Machir ibn Tibbon","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Montpellier","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Montpellier, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec22t2XaqCLyaFks","title":"Nitric acid","subtitle":"aka Aqua fortis","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Acido_nitrico_fumante.jpg/960px-Acido_nitrico_fumante.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/nitric-acid.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"\"The conventional view is that nitric acid was first described in pseudo-Geber's De inventione veritatis (\"On the Discovery of Truth\", after c. 1300).\" May have been described earlier by Arab writers","type":"Consumable","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":["Pseudo-Geber"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec99RayffTEpOjRU","title":"Aqua regia","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Dissolution_of_gold_in_aqua_regia_%28III%29.JPG/1600px-Dissolution_of_gold_in_aqua_regia_%28III%29.JPG?20131222150811","localImage":"/tech-images/aqua-regia.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":["Pseudo-Geber"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_regia","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-09"},{"id":"recJLWbxvi3OINL3P","title":"Iceland spar","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Silfurberg.jpg/500px-Silfurberg.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/iceland-spar.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"Speculated to be the \"sunstone\" used for navigation by medieval Norse sailors","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics","Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Iceland","countryModern":"Iceland","formattedLocation":"Iceland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_spar","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Calcite (Iceland spar)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-21"},{"id":"recUbO5pv8t1vup0Q","title":"Turpentine","subtitle":"aka Spirit of turpentine, Terebenthine","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Arsenal%2C_Ms-2888%2C_f.196v.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=original","localImage":"/tech-images/turpentine.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"The distillation of turpentine is mentioned in the Liber Ignium of Marcus Graecus, dated to the late 13th century","type":"Consumable","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Naval stores"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpentine","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Pine (Pinus)","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-05-05"},{"id":"recW6WUXDER2oR3KX","title":"Eyeglasses","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Conrad_von_Soest%2C_%27Brillenapostel%27_%281403%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/eyeglasses.webp","year":1286,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics","Medicine"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Pisa","countryHistorical":"Republic of Pisa","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Pisa, Republic of Pisa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasses#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recPZS0ntqapmyMy7","title":"Verge escapement and foliot","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Verge_and_foliot_from_De_Vick%27s_clock.svg/1920px-Verge_and_foliot_from_De_Vick%27s_clock.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/verge-escapement-and-foliot.webp","year":1283,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verge_escapement","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMUmuzT5csjT2Uo","title":"Paper mill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Nuremberg_chronicles_-_Nuremberga.png?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","localImage":"/tech-images/paper-mill.webp","year":1282,"dateDetails":"Muslim and Chinese papermakers beat rags by hand or with animal power, and Arabic sources call a papermaking works a manufactory rather than a mill. Claims of earlier hydraulic mills at Baghdad, Fez, Catalonia and Fabriano have each collapsed on re-examination. A decree of Peter III of Aragon in 1282 is the first unambiguous record.","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Paper"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Xàtiva","countryHistorical":"Crown of Aragon","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Xàtiva, Crown of Aragon","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_mill","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-08-10"},{"id":"rec0mCDKqRRSJMXKu","title":"Land mine","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/%E7%81%AB%E9%BE%8D%E7%B6%93_%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D_%E7%84%A6%E7%8E%89%E4%BA%8C_13.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/land-mine.webp","year":1277,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":["Explosives"],"inventors":["Lou Qianxia"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_mine","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recNQD6D3RaFl9rm8","title":"Portolan chart","subtitle":"Carta Pisana","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Carta_Pisana.png?20100709105410","localImage":"/tech-images/portolan-chart.webp","year":1275,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Geography","Sailing"],"subfields":["Maps"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Italian city-states","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Italian city-states","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portolan_chart","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec7fMisOolxj4qBe","title":"Caravel","subtitle":"","tier":"S","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Caravela_de_armada_of_Joao_Serrao.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/caravel.webp","year":1255,"dateDetails":"First documented use of the word \"caravela\" in the Portuguese language","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Portugal","countryModern":"Portugal","formattedLocation":"Portugal","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caravel","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMOmAkdvvO4KqtO","title":"Silver nitrate","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Silver_nitrate_crystals.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/silver-nitrate.webp","year":1250,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Albertus Magnus"],"organizations":[],"city":"Cologne","countryHistorical":"Holy Roman Empire","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Cologne, Holy Roman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_nitrate","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recrvMlMAK7abHadA","title":"Rocket","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Oldest_depiction_of_rocket_arrows.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/rocket.webp","year":1245,"dateDetails":"May have been earlier, but first mention is a Song navy in a military exercise dated to 1245.","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":["Rocketry"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rockets","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rect7McKlPimU3S1J","title":"Cannon","subtitle":"Wuwei Bronze Cannon","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%8D%E6%B1%9F%E7%81%AB%E9%8A%83.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cannon.webp","year":1227,"dateDetails":"Approximate date of the Wuwei Bronze Cannon, Xia dynasty. \"The earliest known depiction of a cannon is a sculpture from the Dazu Rock Carvings in Sichuan dated to 1128, however, the earliest archaeological samples and textual accounts do not appear until the 13th century. The primary extant specimens of cannon from the 13th century are the Wuwei Bronze Cannon dated to 1227, the Heilongjiang hand cannon dated to 1288, and the Xanadu Gun dated to 1298. However, only the Xanadu gun contains an inscription bearing a date of production, so it is considered the earliest confirmed extant cannon.\" The image shows the Heilongjiang hand cannon.","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_cannon","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reclpRcg4cLyJPEUb","title":"Ice skates with sharp edge","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/SCENEONICE.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/ice-skate-with-sharp-steel-edge.webp","year":1225,"dateDetails":"Excavations around Amsterdam and Dordrecht place wooden skates with iron blades in the early thirteenth century, the earliest firm evidence for the edged blade","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation","Recreation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Netherlands","countryModern":"Netherlands","formattedLocation":"Netherlands","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_skating","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":"2026-01-13"},{"id":"recmrWl5BU9G3cVp8","title":"Elephant clock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Al-jazari_elephant_clock.png/250px-Al-jazari_elephant_clock.png","localImage":"/tech-images/elephant-clock.webp","year":1206,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Ismail al-Jazari"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Artuqid Dynasty","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Artuqid Dynasty","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_clock","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recYKVrOV7jrg63p4","title":"Zinc smelting","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/3840px-Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/zinc-smelting.webp","year":1200,"dateDetails":"Evidence of zinc smelting in 12th century Rajasthan. Zinc was recognized as a metal in the Rasaratna Samuchaya, an Indian alchemical treatise from the 13th-16th centuries","type":"Technique","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Zawar","countryHistorical":"Delhi Sultanate","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Zawar, Delhi Sultanate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Calamine","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recLtz8Wro94N8qFZ","title":"Hurdy-gurdy","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Louvet_Drehleier.JPG/250px-Louvet_Drehleier.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/hurdy-gurdy.webp","year":1200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recBQZSgxYSFZdV6q","title":"Gittern","subtitle":"Guitarra morisca and guitarra latina","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Guitar_latina_morisca.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/gittern.webp","year":1200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Medieval Iberia","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Medieval Iberia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gittern","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recHv6Sqznk3PzrIn","title":"Junk rig","subtitle":"Chinese lugsail","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/KITLV_-_65860_-_Chinese_junks_at_Macau_-_presumably_1900-1902.tiff/lossy-page1-317px-KITLV_-_65860_-_Chinese_junks_at_Macau_-_presumably_1900-1902.tiff.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/junk-rig.webp","year":1200,"dateDetails":"Oldest depiction from Bayon temple, Cambodia, late 12th or 13th century.","type":"Part","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","countryModern":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_rig","details":"Not Chinese in origin, although typically associated with Chinese junks","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxsfYzAc1tdnSBa","title":"Eruptor","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Huolongjing_Eruptor.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/eruptor.webp","year":1200,"dateDetails":"late 12th or early 13th century","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cannons#Eruptor","details":"Intermediate form between fire lances and cannons, when fire lances began being made of metal and put on frames","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recqyE3nH3LnEs0bm","title":"Coat of plates","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Cambridge_ms_mm531_fo139r_plates_154.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/coat-of-plates.webp","year":1188,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_plates","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recLoYss5snkrwcH4","title":"Counterweight trebuchet","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/1187_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%81.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/counterweight-trebuchet.webp","year":1187,"dateDetails":"first mention, but it's probably older","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified), Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified), Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified); Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebuchet#Counterweight_trebuchet","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2ZJfu9pvBl82iQ","title":"Post windmill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Brill_windmill_April_2017.jpg/250px-Brill_windmill_April_2017.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/post-windmill.webp","year":1185,"dateDetails":"first windmills in Europe appear in the 12th century; first reference in 1185 in Yorkshire","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Food","Energy"],"subfields":["Wind power"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_mill","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recOD42vGvzmRGdPz","title":"Domestication of vanilla","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Vanilla_florentine_codex.jpg?20090403171114","localImage":"/tech-images/domestication-of-vanilla.webp","year":1185,"dateDetails":"\"The Totonac people, who live along the eastern coast of Mexico in the present-day state of Veracruz, were among the first people to domesticate vanilla, cultivated on farms since at least 1185.\"","type":"Domestication","fields":["Agriculture","Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Totonac peoples, Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Totonac peoples; Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Wild vanilla orchid (Vanilla planifolia)","imagePosition":"left","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec6zgUYJSmdF8ABc","title":"Chimney","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Medieval_Chimney_at_King_John%27s_Palace%2C_Southampton.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/chimney.webp","year":1185,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":["Heating"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-03-07"},{"id":"recDQtIX68xQoEDFn","title":"Flying buttress","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/VillardButtressReims.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/flying-buttress.webp","year":1160,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_buttress","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-09"},{"id":"rec1F8pt7ygk8w3Pr","title":"Shawm","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Shawm_in_the_Codex_Manesse%2C_written_by_Heinrich_Frauenlob.jpg?20250203022235","localImage":"/tech-images/shawm.webp","year":1150,"dateDetails":"Medieval European version of double-reed instruments from the Eastern Mediterranean, like the aulos and zurna. Came to Europe during the time of the crusades (12th century)","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawm","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-08"},{"id":"recAKigitnq1O28Q8","title":"Distilled spirit","subtitle":"aka Liquor, Aqua vitae","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hieronymus_Brunschwig_Liber_de_arte_Distillandi_CHF_AQ13x3.jpg/1280px-Hieronymus_Brunschwig_Liber_de_arte_Distillandi_CHF_AQ13x3.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/distilled-spirit.webp","year":1150,"dateDetails":"Concentrating ethanol above the fermentation ceiling by distilling wine is firmly established in 12th-century Latin Europe (School of Salerno), enabled by water-cooled stills, and independently attested in 12th-century China (Qinglong). Earlier Arabic works (al-Kindī, 9th century) describe distilling wine, but the standard authorities (Forbes, Multhauf) hold Arab stills lacked the cooling to isolate ethanol","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food","Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Salerno,Qinglong","countryHistorical":"Italian city-states, China","countryModern":"Italy, China","formattedLocation":"Italian city-states; China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-05"},{"id":"recvS3yOIyBO8W3e9","title":"Flywheel","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lathe_flywheel%2C_Azov_Powder_Cellar.jpg/960px-Lathe_flywheel%2C_Azov_Powder_Cellar.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail&_=20170712035305","localImage":"/tech-images/flywheel.webp","year":1120,"dateDetails":"Spindles and potters' wheels had turned on stored momentum since the Neolithic, and around 1070 Ibn Bassal of Toledo hung a weight on a saqiya's drawbar so its inertia would even out the animal's pull. Both use the effect without isolating it. Theophilus, wroting around 1100-1120, is the first to record fitting a weighted wheel to several unrelated machines for no purpose but to steady their rotation","type":"Part","fields":["Manufacturing","Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Theophilus Presbyter","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Holy Roman Empire","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Holy Roman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-08-11"},{"id":"recPYuOehj4QphRqb","title":"Sulfuric acid","subtitle":"aka Oil of vitriol","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sulphuric_acid_96_percent_extra_pure.jpg/500px-Sulphuric_acid_96_percent_extra_pure.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/sulfuric-acid.webp","year":1100,"dateDetails":"Difficult to date. Using 1100 with this justification: \"According to Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, three recipes for sulfuric acid occur in an anonymous Karshuni manuscript containing a compilation taken from several authors and dating from before c. 1100 AD\".","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recLb4jmLcvyKvZsV","title":"Chinampa","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Chinampa_asteca.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/chinampa.webp","year":1100,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Mexico City","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Mexico City, Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinampa","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTnNbb9KX08ROib","title":"Calico","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Calico_Sample.JPG/2560px-Calico_Sample.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/calico.webp","year":1100,"dateDetails":"11th century","type":"Material","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Calicut","countryHistorical":"Chola dynasty","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Calicut, Chola dynasty","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recoZKOUNdK93SPPs","title":"Buisine","subtitle":"aka Añafil","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/A%C3%B1afiles_en_las_Cantigas_de_Alfonso_X_el_Sabio.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/buisine.webp","year":1100,"dateDetails":"Approximate; the name buisine refers to European medieval trumpets that developed from trumpets found during the Crusades or in Muslim Iberia, but it may refer to several distinct instruments. Commonly considered to be the ancestor of modern brass instruments.","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buisine","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2025-06-08"},{"id":"recQinnZUOWNl7mHj","title":"Broad sheet glass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Prophetenfenster_Jonas_Augsburg_Hoher_Dom.JPG/960px-Prophetenfenster_Jonas_Augsburg_Hoher_Dom.JPG?_=20220418162418","localImage":"/tech-images/broad-sheet-glass.webp","year":1100,"dateDetails":"Theophilus's De Diversis Artibus (c. 1100–1120) describes the technique in practical detail; the Augsburg Cathedral prophet windows (late 11th century) are the earliest surviving examples","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Holy Roman Empire","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Holy Roman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_sheet_glass","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-04-03"},{"id":"rec7pGbONTH4o1tzR","title":"Endless chain drive","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Chain_drive%2C_Su_Song%27s_book_of_1092.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/endless-chain-drive.webp","year":1092,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Su Song"],"organizations":[],"city":"Kaifeng","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Kaifeng, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_drive#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDm7BfzxzNSjMOr","title":"Water-driven astronomical clock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Clock_Tower_from_Su_Song%27s_Book_desmear.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/water-driven-astronomical-clock.webp","year":1092,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping","Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Su Song"],"organizations":[],"city":"Kaifeng","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Kaifeng, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recmFC8gI0fKrjnwA","title":"Coke and coke smelting of iron (China)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Koks_Brennstoff.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/coke--fuel-.webp","year":1078,"dateDetails":"\"By the first decades of the 11th century, Chinese ironworkers in the Yellow River valley began to fuel their furnaces with coke, solving their fuel problem in that tree-sparse region. By 1078 CE, the implementation of coke as a replacement to charcoal in the production of iron in China dramatically increased the industry to 125,000 tons per year.\"","type":"Material","fields":["Energy","Metallurgy"],"subfields":["Fuels"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMHRc5PSYwgU7zl","title":"Steelmaking with partial decarbonization","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ming_Steel_Sword.jpg/1599px-Ming_Steel_Sword.jpg?20201123091131","localImage":"/tech-images/steelmaking-with-partial-decarbonization.webp","year":1075,"dateDetails":"Described by Shen Kuo in 1075","type":"Technique","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":["Steel"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelmaking#Early_history","details":"Medieval process akin to the modern Bessemer process","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recNLLtOT6vY6MXst","title":"Dry dock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Reconstruction_of_the_merchant_ship_Ceres_in_dry_dock.jpg?20170215143823","localImage":"/tech-images/dry-dock.webp","year":1070,"dateDetails":"Based on Song dynasty writer Shen Kuo. A dry dock was possibly used in antiquity around 200 AD for the Tessarakonteres ship, but this is highly uncertain.","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_dock","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recIU4gfxvTULwEi4","title":"Borehole drilling","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Drilling_a_rig_for_salt_in_China.gif?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled&_=20150520183705","localImage":"/tech-images/borehole-drilling.webp","year":1041,"dateDetails":"Zhuotong tube wells, bored in Sichuan from the Qingli era, with a bore the width of a bowl and bamboo casing. Su Shi records the technique as new. Earlier Sichuan salt wells were wide enough to climb down, so they were not drilled. The technique may have reached Europe from China: European travellers reported Chinese brine wells from 1400 onwards, and Imbert's letters from Sichuan in 1826 and 1828 gave the method in detail, a few years before European deep boring began in Paris (Grenelle well; though there may have been drilled wells in Modena in 1691)","type":"Technique","fields":["Mining"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borehole","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recyxyvYLjSW5TduV","title":"Movable type","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ningxia_Museum_wooden_moveable_print_frame.jpg/1593px-Ningxia_Museum_wooden_moveable_print_frame.jpg?20160915224823","localImage":"/tech-images/movable-type.webp","year":1040,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication","Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Printing"],"inventors":["Bi Sheng"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_type","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recbII4vNI5FRNYCN","title":"Compass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chinesischer_Kompass_im_%C3%9Cberseemuseum_2011_01.JPG/248px-Chinesischer_Kompass_im_%C3%9Cberseemuseum_2011_01.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/compass.webp","year":1040,"dateDetails":"first reference to the compass as a navigational instrument, in a Song dynasty book dated c. 1040-1044. Reached other regions like Europe and the Middle East in the 1100s-1200s","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement","Sailing"],"subfields":["Magnetism"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_compass#China","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recPuntkzUL4NyPLi","title":"Paper recycling","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%22From_Waste_Paper_into_War_Weapons%22_-_NARA_-_514339.jpg/332px-%22From_Waste_Paper_into_War_Weapons%22_-_NARA_-_514339.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/paper-recycling.webp","year":1031,"dateDetails":"\"Paper recycling was first recorded in 1031 when Japanese shops sold repulped paper.\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Paper"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Japan","countryModern":"Japan","formattedLocation":"Japan","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recelk9O9lvnUbaNu","title":"Spinning wheel","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illustration_of_al-Hariri_Maqamat_spinning_wheel.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/spinning-wheel.webp","year":1030,"dateDetails":"Disputed, could be much older in China or India; but the earliest clear evidence is the 11th-century Islamic world","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_wheel","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recfp6El4rdwLjxQA","title":"Fulling mill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Fulling_mill_bockler.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fulling-mill.webp","year":1008,"dateDetails":"The earliest documented fulling mill is at Lodi near Milan in 1008. References follow in Normandy about 1086 and in Domesday Book the same year, and by the thirteenth century water-powered fulling had displaced treading across England. Two inscriptions from Antioch of 73 or 74 have been read as mentioning fulling mills, but the identification is uncertain and nothing follows it","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Milan","countryHistorical":"Italian city-states","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Milan, Italian city-states","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulling","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recaxqaqFOtUbPEfG","title":"Paper money","subtitle":"Jiaozi","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hue-tzu_%28Song_Dynasty_government_issue%29%2C_1023_-_John_E._Sandrock.jpg/250px-Hue-tzu_%28Song_Dynasty_government_issue%29%2C_1023_-_John_E._Sandrock.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/paper-money.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Commerce"],"subfields":["Paper"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Chengdu","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Chengdu, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiaozi_(currency)","details":"Jiaozi is considered the first true paper money","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recCfupHbKT4hXoCU","title":"Fireworks","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/RoyalFireworks.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fireworks.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Recreation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxoTcuj0xx56ZZe","title":"Banknote seal","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Ming_Dynasty_banknote.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/banknote-seal.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Commerce","Security"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote_seal_(China)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec93meO5nf6rYsYt","title":"Organistrum","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Organistrumsantiago20060414.jpg/200px-Organistrumsantiago20060414.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/organistrum.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"\"end of the 10th or beginning of the 11th century\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organistrum","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recgNH0bo5AD7XhNz","title":"Grenade","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG/2880px-%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/grenade.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenade","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec1j6g8mcFcQKRco","title":"Knitting","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/KnittingMadonna.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/knitting.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Fatimid Caliphate","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Fatimid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knitting","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recCdNWUv1jo7rYwr","title":"Fuse","subtitle":"aka Fuze","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Huolongjing_bomb.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fuse.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"Approximate. 10th century Song China","type":"Part","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":["Explosives"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(explosives)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-03-17"},{"id":"recGMpcInxIRIytrb","title":"Pound lock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/FRONT_VIEW_OF_A_BOAT.jpg/1600px-FRONT_VIEW_OF_A_BOAT.jpg?20140129150318","localImage":"/tech-images/pound-lock.webp","year":984,"dateDetails":"","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Hydraulics","Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Qiao Weiyue"],"organizations":[],"city":"Huainan","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Huainan, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(water_navigation)#Pound_lock","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","independentInnovations":[{"id":"recfSEe2edf2GJH5O","year":1373,"city":"Utrecht","countryHistorical":"Netherlands","countryModern":"Netherlands","formattedLocation":"Utrecht, Netherlands","inventors":[],"organizations":[],"details":"In 1373 the city of Utrecht dug a channel from the Nieuwevaart to the Groter Wade and laid two wooden sluices on it, the first European chamber closed by gates at both ends. Nothing records transmission from Qiao Weiyue's lock of 984, and the gate type differs: guillotine gates raised vertically, where Italy took up mitre gates only around 1500. The motive was local, since the Lek stood higher than the canal and one gate would have flooded the land around it.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-16"}]},{"id":"recGa9114oObLMRgu","title":"Tofu","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Japanese_SilkyTofu_%28Kinugoshi_Tofu%29.JPG/2560px-Japanese_SilkyTofu_%28Kinugoshi_Tofu%29.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/tofu.webp","year":965,"dateDetails":"First appearance in the written record. May be much earlier, and popularly attributed to Han dynasty prince Liu An (164 BC-122 BC)","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofu","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-14"},{"id":"recBdpTDt037mrawk","title":"Fountain pen","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/US68445.png","localImage":"/tech-images/fountain-pen.webp","year":953,"dateDetails":"Supposedly commissioned by Fatimid caliph al Mu'izz li-Din Allah. There were many developments toward modern fountain pens in 17th and 18th century Europe.","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Fatimid Caliphate","countryModern":"Tunisia, Egypt","formattedLocation":"Fatimid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_pen","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recw1xezarSCaGS4t","title":"Fire lance","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%2C_le_2025-05-24_%C3%A0_13.38.31.png","localImage":"/tech-images/fire-lance.webp","year":950,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_lance","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"top right","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recLFLXiURkagts4H","title":"Bowed rebab","subtitle":"aka Spiked fiddle","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Rabel.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/rebab.webp","year":950,"dateDetails":"The rebab dates from no later than the 8th century, but was originally plucked, and is still described as such by al-Farabi, who died in 950. It seems likely that bows were used with the rebab later than 950, after which it originated a rich lineage of bowed instruments.","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebab","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recZ3YsJQZAOz2zmn","title":"Vielle","subtitle":"aka Medieval fiddle","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Vielles_and_Citole%2C_Manuscript_T_%28El_Escorial%2C_Biblioteca_del_Real_Monasterio%2C_MS._T._I._1%29%2C_fol._5r%2C_detail.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/vielle.webp","year":950,"dateDetails":"Hard to date precisely","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vielle","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 35%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recA9GMz1vhJAeENr","title":"Castle","subtitle":"Château de Doué-la-Fontaine","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Montbazon_-_Donjon_-2.JPG/640px-Montbazon_-_Donjon_-2.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/castle.webp","year":950,"dateDetails":"","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Weaponry","Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle","details":"image shows the Castle Site of Montbazon, built in the late 10th or 11th century","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recccfw6dd7uqlp1p","title":"Kerosene","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Kerosene_in_mason_jar.JPG/360px-Kerosene_in_mason_jar.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/kerosene.webp","year":920,"dateDetails":"First distilled by al-Razi in the 9th century, but reinvented by Gesner in 1846\n\nConventional date of al-Rāzī’s Kitāb al-Asrār (Book of Secrets). Historical accounts of the text describe repeated alembic distillation of petroleum to produce a clear “white naphtha” that was safe to ignite and used in lamps for light and heat. Those process and end-use features make it the earliest clear documentary evidence located for a deliberately refined, kerosene-like illuminating petroleum fraction. The word 'kerosene' was coined in 1846 by Abraham Gesner in New Brunswick, who derived it from coal.","type":"Consumable","fields":["Energy","Chemistry"],"subfields":["Fuels"],"inventors":["Abu Bakr al-Razi"],"organizations":[],"city":"Baghdad","countryHistorical":"Abbasid Caliphate","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerosene","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","independentInnovations":[{"id":"recUfmNiC4lVZUUjG","year":1846,"city":"","countryHistorical":"British America","countryModern":"Canada","formattedLocation":"British America","inventors":["Abraham Pineo Gesner"],"organizations":[],"details":"Gesner distilled a clear lamp fuel from coal and named it kerosene, from keroselaion, wax-oil. The 1846 demonstration at Charlottetown is his own account, published in 1861; his patent and prospectus of 1850 describe kerosene as a gas rather than an oil. Łukasiewicz was working from Gesner's process a few years later when he made kerosene from petroleum instead. Al-Razi's distillation almost certainly wasn't known to them","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-13"}]},{"id":"rec9r96D9wo1RLlAy","title":"Fierce-fire oil cabinet","subtitle":"aka Pen Huo Qi","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Chinese_Flamethrower.JPG/200px-Chinese_Flamethrower.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/fierce-fire-oil-cabinet.webp","year":919,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierce-fire_Oil_Cabinet","details":"Double-piston pump naphtha flamethrower; Chinese version of Greek fire, plausibly acquired indirectly (through Arabia) from the West","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recIDfm2R5pPRYBl2","title":"Fire arrow","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Manual_Fire_Arrow.jpg/200px-Manual_Fire_Arrow.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fire-arrow.webp","year":908,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_arrow","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recAoyJ9vHaqXbtQi","title":"Byzantine lyra","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Byzantine_Lyra_Museo_Nazionale.jpg/250px-Byzantine_Lyra_Museo_Nazionale.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/byzantine-lyra.webp","year":900,"dateDetails":"Approximate; first known depiction from a casket dated 900-1100 AD; also discussed by a Persian writer who died in 911","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Byzantine Empire","countryModern":"Turkey, Greece","formattedLocation":"Byzantine Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_lyra","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recM4nAqXvDahsgKW","title":"Psaltery","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/B-I-2_260R_large_psaltery.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/psaltery.webp","year":900,"dateDetails":"Evidence from the 9th century. The psaltery is the European evolution of the zither","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psaltery","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recZAcDyjrdILOCBG","title":"Cigar","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Aztec_feast_1.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cigar.webp","year":900,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Recreation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Maya civilization, Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Maya civilization; Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigar","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recPKiHhf5uHujPeI","title":"Caustic soda","subtitle":"aka Sodium hydroxide, Lye","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SodiumHydroxide.jpg/500px-SodiumHydroxide.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/sodium-hydroxide.webp","year":900,"dateDetails":"Causticizing soda ash with lime gives sodium hydroxide, which makes hard soap where the potassium version makes soft. Al-Razi lists caustic soda among the substances produced by himself and his predecessors, and short soap recipes appear in his alchemical treatises around 900. The first full account survives only from a Yemeni technical compendium of 1295, which specifies two parts alkali from saltwort ash to one part quicklime","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Abbasid Caliphate","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Abbasid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-01-29"},{"id":"recTSZmQEgOM6zByD","title":"Reading stone","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/2015-08_archeon_reading_stone.JPG/250px-2015-08_archeon_reading_stone.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/reading-stone.webp","year":850,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Abbas ibn Firnas"],"organizations":[],"city":"Cordoba","countryHistorical":"Al-Andalus","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Cordoba, Al-Andalus","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_stone","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reclGxXLBXDvoaUBl","title":"Frequency analysis","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Al-kindi-cryptanalysis.png","localImage":"/tech-images/frequency-analysis.webp","year":850,"dateDetails":"approximate, based on al-Kindi's lifetime","type":"Technique","fields":["Security"],"subfields":["Cryptography"],"inventors":["Al-Kindi"],"organizations":["House of Wisdom"],"city":"Baghdad","countryHistorical":"Abbasid Caliphate","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_analysis","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-04"},{"id":"recVgTseF49i1Kttp","title":"Dhow","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/A_dhow_sailing_on_Lake_Victoria.jpg/1600px-A_dhow_sailing_on_Lake_Victoria.jpg?20171129185445","localImage":"/tech-images/dhow.webp","year":830,"dateDetails":"Date of the Belitung shipwreck, the oldest material evidence of a dhow. Likely older.","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified), Africa (unspecified), Ancient India","countryModern":"unknown","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified); Africa (unspecified); Ancient India","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhow","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-04"},{"id":"rececgXRSWC2T3Tjo","title":"Sine quadrant","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0040.1_CROP.jpg/637px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0040.1_CROP.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/sine-quadrant.webp","year":820,"dateDetails":"Al-Khwarizmi worked at the House of Wisdom around that time","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Al-Khwarizmi"],"organizations":["House of Wisdom"],"city":"Baghdad","countryHistorical":"Abbasid Caliphate","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_quadrant","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxoxJ7m8lS5MSR9","title":"Gunpowder","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Black_Powder-1.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/gunpowder.webp","year":808,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Weaponry","Chemistry"],"subfields":["Explosives"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec9qEjBXhd6H6MUb","title":"Flying cash","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Marchands%2C_dynastie_Tang.jpg/640px-Marchands%2C_dynastie_Tang.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/flying-cash.webp","year":804,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Commerce"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_cash","details":"Precursor to true banknotes during Tang dynasty","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recOYNC3HvPMTuWlc","title":"Panemone windmill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/2560px-%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/panemone-windmill.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"At least by the 9th century and possibly as early as the mid-to-late 7th century based on a legendary account. First clear documentary evidence in 947.","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Food","Energy"],"subfields":["Wind power"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Abbasid Caliphate","countryModern":"Iran, Afghanistan","formattedLocation":"Abbasid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panemone_windmill","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recHIxVRr4k5O4UZA","title":"Fractional distillation","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Drawing_and_description_of_Alembic_%2C_by_Jabir_Ibn_Hayyan_in_8th_century.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled&_=20200113140847","localImage":"/tech-images/fractional-distillation.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":["Jabir ibn Hayyan","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillation","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recGyGvhvABUeuIHx","title":"Arsenic","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/250px-Arsen_1a.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/arsenic.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements","Alchemy"],"inventors":["Jabir ibn Hayyan","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Orpiment and realgar","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec9eWXCnQJxD6tq0","title":"Antimony","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg/250px-Antimony-4.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/antimony.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements","Alchemy"],"inventors":["Jabir ibn Hayyan","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Stibnite","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec26kBNJgjW0GUrW","title":"Oud","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Maler_der_Geschichte_von_Bay%C3%A2d_und_Riy%C3%A2d_cropped.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/oud.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"Very approximate. Emerged as an improvement of earlier instruments during the Islamic Golden Age","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified), Al-Andalus","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified), Spain","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified); Al-Andalus","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 35%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechCXJGLCXdIMJ0i","title":"Xylophone","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gyil.JPG/2880px-Gyil.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/xylophone.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"Earliest evidence in 9th-century Southeast Asia. Evolved (likely) independently in Africa at an unspecified ancient date, from where it spread to North America to become the marimba","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Percussion instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Southeast Asia (unspecified), Africa (unspecified)","countryModern":"Southeast Asia (unspecified), Africa (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Southeast Asia (unspecified); Africa (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophone","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recvregjAYpyfSIFf","title":"Blue and white pottery","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/L311_-_Coupe_au_bouquet_bleu_-_Irak.JPG/1549px-L311_-_Coupe_au_bouquet_bleu_-_Irak.JPG?20150202190852","localImage":"/tech-images/blue-and-white-pottery.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"Porcelain came from China, but the blue cobalt glaze was likely invented in Iraq in the 8th or 9th century, and then spread back to China","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Blue"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Basra","countryHistorical":"Abbasid Caliphate","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Basra, Abbasid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_and_white_pottery#14th_century","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-09"},{"id":"recPYFhCfjvQguWZu","title":"Maya blue","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Bonampak_mural._Room_1._Musicians_and_dancers.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/maya-blue.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Blue","Pigments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Maya civilization","countryModern":"Mexico, Guatemala","formattedLocation":"Maya civilization","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_blue","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2025-08-16"},{"id":"rec5CdYhF6BDPmxuR","title":"Bow and bowed instruments","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Violas_de_arco_en_un_manuscrito_del_a%C3%B1o_900_-_950.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/bow-and-bowed-instruments.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"Origin poorly known. Speculated to come from Central Asian peoples using (archery) bows, horses, and rosined sticks for music. The image shows Iberian bowed instruments from 900-950.","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Central Asia","countryModern":"Central Asia (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Central Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(music)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-05-06"},{"id":"recdnD8mmkoPRJQ7N","title":"Toothbrush","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%89%99%E5%88%B7.png","localImage":"/tech-images/toothbrush.webp","year":750,"dateDetails":"approximate, Tang dynasty [619–907]","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Dentistry"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothbrush","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recT37FekNoo7uc8R","title":"Maple syrup","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fabrication_du_sirop_d%27%C3%A9rables_par_les_Am%C3%A9rindiens_en_Nouvelle-France_%28XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle%29.jpg/960px-Fabrication_du_sirop_d%27%C3%A9rables_par_les_Am%C3%A9rindiens_en_Nouvelle-France_%28XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle%29.jpg?20111208174102","localImage":"/tech-images/maple-syrup.webp","year":750,"dateDetails":"extremely approximate; first documented by Europeans in the early 1600s, but is known to be far older; there is some archeological evidence from the Late Woodland period and the Mackinac phase (750-1000)","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Americas","countryModern":"Canada, USA","formattedLocation":"Ancient Americas","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_syrup","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Sugar maple sap (Acer saccharum)","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recuGTkzIs5wF83AM","title":"Borax","subtitle":"aka Tincal","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Borax_crystals.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/borax.webp","year":750,"dateDetails":"Firm evidence for borax use begins around the 8th century AD with Arab and Persian metalworkers using Tibetan tincal as a soldering flux. Plausible but not chemically-confirmed earlier use by Mesopotamian goldsmiths.","type":"Material","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Tibet","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Tibet","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borax","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Borax mineral","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-07"},{"id":"recUFfstQxWR1w2SK","title":"Talking drum","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/TalkingDrum.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/talking-drum.webp","year":700,"dateDetails":"hard to find good sources for dating, but some suggest the 7th century in the Ghana Empire","type":"Tool","fields":["Music","Communication"],"subfields":["Percussion instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ghana Empire, Africa (unspecified)","countryModern":"Africa (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ghana Empire; Africa (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDxCCwukLdVizjK","title":"Drawn wire and draw plate","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/Bergen_Universitetsmuseet_i_Bergen_Arkeologibasen_B17202-19_saumlo-drawplate.jpg?_=20231107170724","localImage":"/tech-images/drawn-wire-and-draw-plate.webp","year":700,"dateDetails":"Earliest secure drawplate: Vendel Period iron plate with silver drawing residue, Old Uppsala, 6th–8th c.","type":"Material","fields":["Metallurgy","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Uppsala","countryHistorical":"Iron Age Scandinavia","countryModern":"Sweden","formattedLocation":"Uppsala, Iron Age Scandinavia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire_drawing","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-11"},{"id":"recgwhKN1fpKmfEVj","title":"Greek fire","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/greek-fire.webp","year":672,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Kallinikos"],"organizations":[],"city":"Constantinople","countryHistorical":"Byzantine Empire","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Constantinople, Byzantine Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recFrxpq2LGXRQVTR","title":"Whale oil","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Candle_Factory_%281%29.jpg/1920px-Candle_Factory_%281%29.jpg?_=20181205204425","localImage":"/tech-images/whale-oil.webp","year":670,"dateDetails":"There is a document dating from 670 about the purchase of whale oil and blubber from Bayonne in the Basque country, by the Jumièges Abbey in Normandy; this may be the oldest evidence of whale oil being sold for illumination purposes.","type":"Consumable","fields":["Lighting","Energy"],"subfields":["Fuels","Whaling"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Bayonne","countryHistorical":"Frankish Empire","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Bayonne, Frankish Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_oil","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Whale blubber","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-27"},{"id":"recSTyGUC0TsfWHwQ","title":"Oil paint","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/oil-paint.webp","year":650,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Paint"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Bamiyan","countryHistorical":"Hephthalite principalities","countryModern":"Afghanistan","formattedLocation":"Bamiyan, Hephthalite principalities","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paint","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-17"},{"id":"rec8ggtzPyVhAUGqc","title":"Carruca","subtitle":"aka Heavy plough","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Detail_of_Les_tres_riches_heures_-_March.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/carruca.webp","year":643,"dateDetails":"Could be earlier (568) based on linguistic evidence from the Slavic area","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carruca","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec8Rpzp9XMYWBuYL","title":"Positional decimal numerals and true zero","subtitle":"Hindu-Arabic numerals","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Gwalior_zeros.jpg?20181002135224","localImage":"/tech-images/positional-decimal-numerals-and-true-zero.webp","year":628,"dateDetails":"date of the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, the first book to clearly explain the role of the zero, completing earlier developments that made the Hindu-Arabic numerals a complete positional decimal system","type":"Standard","fields":["Mathematics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Brahmagupta"],"organizations":[],"city":"Bhinmal","countryHistorical":"Chapa dynasty","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Bhinmal, Chapa dynasty","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec0k7bLEpcCRccBn","title":"Carvel boat building","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Turkey.Bodrum056.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/carvel-boat-building.webp","year":625,"dateDetails":"date of the Yassi Ada shipwreck; carvel building probably began to appear around 500","type":"Technique","fields":["Sailing","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Byzantine Empire","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified), Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Byzantine Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reczr5UBdUPTQF1HR","title":"Tide mill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Moulin_maree_brehat.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/tide-mill.webp","year":619,"dateDetails":"\"Dendrochronology has dated a tide mill on [Mahee Island] to the year 619, making this the oldest excavated tide mill anywhere in the world.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Energy","Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Medieval Ireland","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Medieval Ireland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide_mill","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":"2025-09-06"},{"id":"recjGRaRtA9epoKvB","title":"Porcelain","subtitle":"aka China","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Verseuse_ph%C3%A9nix_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2418.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/porcelain.webp","year":600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Kaolin","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recmSZtvYiGL9DVKi","title":"Pipe organ","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Utrechts-Psalter_CANTICUM-16_organ_sheep_angel.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/pipe-organ.webp","year":600,"dateDetails":"\"By the 6th or 7th century AD, bellows were used to supply Byzantine organs with wind\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Byzantine Empire","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Byzantine Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recuI47d23Qmfdxbo","title":"Timpani","subtitle":"aka Naker, Naqareh, Kettledrum","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Iraqi_Naqqarat.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/naker.webp","year":600,"dateDetails":"or older","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Percussion instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-14"},{"id":"recjmQqa7fP2tlnF7","title":"Toilet paper","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Toiletpapier_%28Gobran111%29.jpg/500px-Toiletpapier_%28Gobran111%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/toilet-paper.webp","year":589,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Sanitation"],"subfields":["Paper"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet_paper#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec0W4KkDK6zKB9Xw","title":"Sulfur match","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/M0354_1951-79-011_1.jpg?_=20230407084947","localImage":"/tech-images/sulfur-match.webp","year":577,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Chemistry","Lighting"],"subfields":["Fire"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"left","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recSpe8Gqi62ycImt","title":"Ammonium chloride","subtitle":"aka Sal ammoniac","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Salammoniac-456369.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/ammonium-chloride.webp","year":554,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest mention of ammonium chloride was in 554 in China. At that time, ammonium chloride came from two sources: (1) the vents of underground coal fires in Central Asia, specifically, in the Tian Shan mountains (which extend from Xinjiang province of northwestern China through Kyrgyzstan) as well as in the Alay (or Alai) mountains of southwestern Kyrgyzstan, and (2) the fumaroles of the volcano Mount Taftan in southeastern Iran\"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Central Asia, Sasanian Persia","countryModern":"China, Iran, Kyrgyzstan","formattedLocation":"Ancient Central Asia; Sasanian Persia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_chloride","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Volcanic fumaroles (sal ammoniac)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-09"},{"id":"recFfLqUhfNCwwKqE","title":"Kite","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kite_Flying_by_Suzuki_Harunobu_%28%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8_%E6%98%A5%E4%BF%A1%29.jpg/1920px-Kite_Flying_by_Suzuki_Harunobu_%28%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8_%E6%98%A5%E4%BF%A1%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/kite.webp","year":549,"dateDetails":"Earliest clear evidence of paper kites being flown in China, but silk kites may have been invented much earlier (4th century BC).","type":"Tool","fields":["Flying","Recreation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2025-07-06"},{"id":"recimKTGVY5uS0ti3","title":"Pendentive dome","subtitle":"Hagia 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art.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":["Accessibility"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2Ag4pXdFvjU7R4","title":"Candle clock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Kerzenuhr.jpg?20070314030651","localImage":"/tech-images/candle-clock.webp","year":520,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest reference to their use to occurs in a Chinese poem by You Jiangu (AD 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but there are no other finds or references until the 5th century AD, in a tomb in Belgium","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":["Horses"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome, Frankish Empire","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome; Frankish Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechm6ldFimJWjVhx","title":"Quill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Rutilio_Manetti_-_Sant%27Ambrogio_%28hands_writing_with_quill_pen_detail%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/quill.webp","year":500,"dateDetails":"The quill begins replacing the reed pen in Europe in the 6th century","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quill","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDTbv1cxs6Sn5YY","title":"Ultramarine","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/ultramarine.webp","year":500,"dateDetails":"Lapis-lazuli was mined \"and traded to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt as early as the third millennium BCE\", but used as a pigment starting around the 5th-7th centuries in Buddhist and Zoroastrian caves.","type":"Consumable","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Pigments","Blue"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Sasanian Persia","countryModern":"Afghanistan","formattedLocation":"Sasanian Persia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramarine","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Lapis lazuli","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reccdFuC1YI0vLU1M","title":"Horse collar","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Earliest_equine_harness_477_499_cave_257.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/horse-collar.webp","year":477,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":["Horses"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_collar","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recOHh1bqa5ddVi9Z","title":"Palm-leaf manuscript","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/828_CE_Paramesvaratantra_Sanskrit_palm_leaf_manuscipt%2C_Late_Gupta_script%2C_Nepal%2C_no_highlight.jpg/1599px-828_CE_Paramesvaratantra_Sanskrit_palm_leaf_manuscipt%2C_Late_Gupta_script%2C_Nepal%2C_no_highlight.jpg?20181031120048","localImage":"/tech-images/palm-leaf-manuscript.webp","year":450,"dateDetails":"5th century","type":"Material","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient India","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Ancient India","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Palm leaves","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-13"},{"id":"rec4mvvoHIRImnGol","title":"Watertight bulkhead","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Song_Dynasty_Ancient_Ship_of_Quanzhou_Bay_20061229.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","localImage":"/tech-images/watertight-bulkhead.webp","year":410,"dateDetails":"Texts of the Yixi era, 405 to 418, describe Lu Xun's eight-compartment ships standing four decks high, the earliest record of a hull divided by watertight bulkheads. Liu Jingshu's fifth-century Garden of Strange Things separately notes a ship that could take water into its bottom without sinking, attesting the function rather than just the structure. An Eastern Han ceramic model from Guangzhou shows transverse partitions around 200, but a model cannot establish that they were watertight.","type":"Part","fields":["Sailing","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"id":"recSpSCflkN2X1kQs","title":"Rust-resistant iron","subtitle":"Iron pillar of Delhi","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Complejo_de_Qutb-Delhi-India072.JPG/1599px-Complejo_de_Qutb-Delhi-India072.JPG?20091212112329","localImage":"/tech-images/rust-resistant-iron.webp","year":400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Mathura","countryHistorical":"Gupta Empire","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Mathura, Gupta Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_pillar_of_Delhi","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec4Dsku4eJNG6sr5","title":"Dichroic glass","subtitle":"Lycurgus cup","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Front_of_4th_century_CE_Roman_Lycurgus_Cup%2C_British_Museum_%281958%2C1202.1%29.jpg/1920px-Front_of_4th_century_CE_Roman_Lycurgus_Cup%2C_British_Museum_%281958%2C1202.1%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/dichroic-glass.webp","year":400,"dateDetails":"4th century","type":"Material","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Rome,Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy, Egypt","formattedLocation":"Rome, Alexandria, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichroic_glass","details":"Data for the Lycurgus cup, the earliest known item made of dichroic glass","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recU9MsdM59ajSHQn","title":"Metallic nib","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pointed_pen_parts.svg/250px-Pointed_pen_parts.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/metallic-nib.webp","year":400,"dateDetails":"Oldest one found from Roman Britain","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nib_(pen)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechXTcUj84ry4F2i","title":"Fire striker","subtitle":"aka Fire steel","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Firesteels_assorted.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fire-striker.webp","year":400,"dateDetails":"Earliest secure-attestation date for a purpose-made metal fire striker distinct from pyrite: the supporting synthesis places carbon-rich iron used for spark striking in central Europe around 400 CE. Earlier flint–pyrite kits are excluded because their spark source is mineral, while putative pre-Roman and Roman iron strikers were reassessed as soft wrought iron incapable of producing sparks. China is a plausible earlier candidate — one secondary account places the huǒlián in the Warring States period — but there is no datable artifact, primary text, or metallurgical-functional study confirming it.","type":"Tool","fields":["Energy","Lighting"],"subfields":["Fire"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_striker","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-07-29"},{"id":"rec2rVI76Y4fZbrnr","title":"Paddle wheel boat","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/De_Rebus_Bellicis%2C_XVth_Century_Miniature.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/paddle-wheel-boat.webp","year":370,"dateDetails":"Mentioned in De rebus bellicis, a book on war machines whose date is uncertain but often given as circa 370. The paddle wheel boat mentioned in it was probably not built, and it is unclear when the first was, but the concept at least existed in antiquity.","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_steamer#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recnLHvuvTfAhlDF6","title":"Onager","subtitle":"aka Catapult","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Onager_with_sling.png","localImage":"/tech-images/onager.webp","year":363,"dateDetails":"Ammianus Marcellinus describes the engine while recounting Julian's Persian campaign: a single arm rising from twisted rope, a sling hung from its head, and a stone flung as the arm strikes a padded beam","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onager_(weapon)","details":"This is the design most commonly associated with catapults, which was a generic word for artillery in Greco-Roman times","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2025-09-01"},{"id":"recpMW8Pacxl89ziA","title":"Crystallized sugar","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Raw_sugar_closeup.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/crystallized-sugar.webp","year":350,"dateDetails":"approximate","type":"Technique","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Gupta Empire","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Gupta Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sugar","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recunS5HXX2aN1t3o","title":"Iron gall ink","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Codex_Ink.jpg?_=20160723110959","localImage":"/tech-images/iron-gall-ink.webp","year":350,"dateDetails":"Codex Sinaiticus (~350), earliest major manuscript in iron gall ink. Earlier references (Philo, Pliny) describe the chemistry but not as writing ink.","type":"Material","fields":["Communication","Visual media"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_gall_ink","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Oak galls","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-24"},{"id":"recOilxjzf7aIL0xr","title":"Chinese top","subtitle":"aka Bamboo-copter","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Taketombo.JPG?_=20060709092041","localImage":"/tech-images/bamboo-copter.webp","year":320,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Flying","Recreation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo-copter","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-21"},{"id":"recdmScehSky5cln3","title":"Clinker boat building","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nydam.Gottorp.2.JPG/1454px-Nydam.Gottorp.2.JPG?20141203231822","localImage":"/tech-images/clinker-boat-building.webp","year":310,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Sailing","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Iron Age Scandinavia","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Iron Age Scandinavia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reciTqm16xVV4wN21","title":"Water turbine","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Roman_mill_at_Chemtou.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/water-turbine.webp","year":300,"dateDetails":"late 3rd or early 4th century AD","type":"Part","fields":["Energy","Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Chemtou,Testour","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Tunisia","formattedLocation":"Chemtou, Testour, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_turbine#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTH1gWGER235CQ0","title":"Stirrup","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/%E9%8E%8F%E9%87%91%E6%9C%A8%E8%8A%AF%E9%A9%AC%E9%95%AB06337.jpg/2560px-%E9%8E%8F%E9%87%91%E6%9C%A8%E8%8A%AF%E9%A9%AC%E9%95%AB06337.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/stirrup.webp","year":300,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":["Horses"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirrup#Precursors","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2p7b85iPn7WJjJ","title":"Rock-cut stepwell","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Chand_Baori_perspective_panorama_%28July_2022%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/rock-cut-stepwell.webp","year":300,"dateDetails":"The first rock-cut stepwells in India date from 200–400 AD.","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Sanitation","Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Western Satraps","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Western Satraps","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepwell","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec8J68e3e6uIJOfC","title":"Camphor","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Camphor_Cubes.jpg?_=20210611171115","localImage":"/tech-images/camphor.webp","year":300,"dateDetails":"Approximate; mentioned in Sanskrit sources of uncertain date, as well as in Chinese, Sogdian, Middle Persian, and Qur'anic references in the ~4th–7th centuries.","type":"Consumable","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Asia","countryModern":"Asia (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphor","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-03"},{"id":"recJb0O11sJZ8zOAP","title":"Crank with connecting rod","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Piston_vilebrequin_bielles_pistons_representation_plane.svg/1280px-Piston_vilebrequin_bielles_pistons_representation_plane.svg.png?_=20140731094815","localImage":"/tech-images/crank-with-connecting-rod.webp","year":275,"dateDetails":"Evidence from the Hierapolis sawmill","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Hierapolis","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Hierapolis, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slider-crank_linkage","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recSowAiXk51VViHC","title":"Sawmill","subtitle":"Hierapolis sawmill","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/R%C3%B6mische_S%C3%A4gem%C3%BChle.svg/1920px-R%C3%B6mische_S%C3%A4gem%C3%BChle.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/sawmill.webp","year":275,"dateDetails":"Second half of 3rd century, based on a sarcophagus relief of M. Aurelius Ammianos, a miller at Hierapolis","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing","Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Hierapolis","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Hierapolis, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierapolis_sawmill","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-22"},{"id":"rectk3kii6o0MOJjE","title":"South-pointing chariot","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/South-pointing_chariot_%28Science_Museum_model%29.jpg/250px-South-pointing_chariot_%28Science_Museum_model%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/south-pointing-chariot.webp","year":235,"dateDetails":"First reliably documented south-pointing chariot, built by the mechanical engineer Ma Jun (Cao Wei, Three Kingdoms); earlier chariots are legendary. No example survives and the mechanism is unrecorded.","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Ma Jun"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Cao Wei","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Cao Wei","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-pointing_chariot","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec5hb9KwCCI4rnCW","title":"Woodblock printing","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jingangjing.jpg/2560px-Jingangjing.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/woodblock-printing.webp","year":220,"dateDetails":"or earlier","type":"Technique","fields":["Communication","Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Printing"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodblock_printing","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recUUdbsyZXmP5wbM","title":"Carding","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Dhunuri_Cotton-Carder_India_1774-1781.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/carding.webp","year":200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient India","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Ancient 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platinum","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recvSAHpF1B9mSlAd","title":"Lateen and settee sail","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Meister_der_Predigten_des_Heiligen_Gregor_von_Nazianz_001.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/lateen-sail.webp","year":200,"dateDetails":"The lateen originated in the Mediterranean as early as the 2nd century AD, during Roman times, and became common there by the 5th century.","type":"Part","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":["Wind power"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified), Middle East (unspecified), Africa (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateen","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recUw9KrWtxtcQqAc","title":"Spritsail","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Museum_f%C3%BCr_Antike_Schifffahrt%2C_Mainz_02._Spritsail.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/spritsail.webp","year":200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":["Wind power"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spritsail","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recHUFfRlIVlkM3vH","title":"Pipa","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_106.jpg/1280px-Cernuschi_Museum_20060812_106.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/pipa.webp","year":200,"dateDetails":"Han dynasty","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipa","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recAe7OFOM0NTjFXy","title":"Glass mirror","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Glass_mirror_with_lead_frame_MET_sf74515246a.jpg/900px-Glass_mirror_with_lead_frame_MET_sf74515246a.jpg?20170626190253","localImage":"/tech-images/glass-mirror.webp","year":200,"dateDetails":"Pliny mentioned that artisans and Sidon were making glass mirrors in the 1st century, but the first archeological evidence of glass mirrors comes from the 3rd century","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror#Bronze_Age_to_Early_Middle_Ages","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recE47i2riINNKeVy","title":"Alembic","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Alambik1.jpg/269px-Alambik1.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/alembic.webp","year":200,"dateDetails":"Approximate, based on possible dates for Mary the Jewess and Cleopatra the Alchemist. Zosimos of Panopolis, writing around 300, gives the earliest description of an apparatus resembling a still and credits it to Mary the Jewess, whom he places well before his own time. Nothing else fixes her dates, so she is placed somewhere in the 1st-3rd centuries. Cleopatra the Alchemist, working at Alexandria in the third century, wrote on the same equipment.","type":"Tool","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":["Mary the Jewess","Cleopatra the Alchemist","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alembic","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2vGucL7DdYqqdZ","title":"Caustic potash","subtitle":"aka Potassium hydroxide","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Potassium_hydroxide.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/caustic-potash.webp","year":180,"dateDetails":"Treating wood-ash lye with lime converts the carbonate to a far stronger hydroxide. Galen describes soap made from tallow and \"lye with lime,\" naming German soap as the best and Gaulish second. This is northern soap made from wood ash, so the caustic alkali is potassium. Pliny had described the same beech-ash soap a century earlier in both hard and soft forms, but without the lime step","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-08-01"},{"id":"recvzGm9bgbqsIoYy","title":"Fishing reel","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/%E5%AF%92%E6%B1%9F%E7%8B%AC%E9%92%93%E5%9B%BE.jpg/1920px-%E5%AF%92%E6%B1%9F%E7%8B%AC%E9%92%93%E5%9B%BE.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail&_=20260713090944","localImage":"/tech-images/fishing-reel.webp","year":150,"dateDetails":"The earliest reference to a diaoche, or angling wheel, is an offhand mention in the Liexian Zhuan, a Chinese hagiography that modern scholars place in the Eastern Han (25–220 AD). It appears there as ordinary tackle. Tang poets of the 870s describe reels they owned in far richer detail, and the first painting of one dates only to 1195, but neither is the earliest evidence.","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":["Fishing"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_reel","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec8Kqz3hCgbbjhLc","title":"Ptolemaic geocentrism","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/1550_SACROBOSCO_Tractatus_de_Sphaera_-_%2816%29_Ex_Libris_rare_-_Mario_Taddei.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/ptolemaic-geocentrism.webp","year":150,"dateDetails":"Plausible date of Ptolemy's Almagest","type":"Theory","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Ptolemy"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model#:~:text=In%20astronomy%2C%20the%20geocentric%20model,and%20planets%20all%20orbit%20Earth.","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recajeS6pgxbFXx1E","title":"Tanja sail","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Samudra_Raksa_dari_depan%2C_dengan_layar_terkembang_seperti_sayap_angsa.jpg/1200px-Samudra_Raksa_dari_depan%2C_dengan_layar_terkembang_seperti_sayap_angsa.jpg?20220621215407","localImage":"/tech-images/tanja-sail.webp","year":150,"dateDetails":"Earliest pictorial evidence is the Borobudur ship, carved circa the 8th-9th centuries, but descriptions suggest it was used for k'un-lun po ships in the early 1st millennium.","type":"Part","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","countryModern":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanja_sail","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec1xcXgCeR7uWu11","title":"Quadrant","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Ptolemy_Astrology_1564.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/quadrant.webp","year":150,"dateDetails":"There are mentions of quadrants being used to measure a solar eclipse during Rigvedic times in India (1500-1000 BC), but more historically verifiable accounts start with Ptolemy.","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Ptolemy"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrant_(instrument)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec0vcW9FnyfIEauy","title":"K'un-lun po","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Borobudur_Ship_%28Leemans%2C_pl._ci%2C_172%29.png?20180626112346","localImage":"/tech-images/k-un-lun-po.webp","year":150,"dateDetails":"Mentioned by Ptolemy in 150 AD, and Chinese sources in the 3rd century","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","countryModern":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27un-lun_po","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-05"},{"id":"recA3JxpaAREgQNhk","title":"Rib vault","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Rome_rib_cross_vault.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/rib-vault.webp","year":150,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Rome","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Rome, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib_vault","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-01-24"},{"id":"rec2V07tHN4KKoG8b","title":"Seismoscope","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/EastHanSeismograph.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/seismometer.webp","year":132,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement"],"subfields":["Seismology"],"inventors":["Zhang Heng"],"organizations":[],"city":"Luoyang","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Luoyang, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Heng#Zhang's_seismoscope","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2wIqGyGZfjHbvV","title":"Wheelbarrow","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Wine_shop%2C_China%2C_collected_at_Yihe%2C_Pehgzhou_City%2C_Eastern_Han_dynasty%2C_25-220_AD%2C_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04779.jpg/2880px-Wine_shop%2C_China%2C_collected_at_Yihe%2C_Pehgzhou_City%2C_Eastern_Han_dynasty%2C_25-220_AD%2C_tomb_tile_-_Sichuan_Provincial_Museum_-_Chengdu%2C_China_-_DSC04779.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/wheelbarrow.webp","year":118,"dateDetails":"Probably around 100 AD; first archeological evidence on murals from 118 AD. Possibly described around 407 BC in Greece, but no archeological evidence so far. The consensus still that it spread from China to the rest of the world.","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelbarrow","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"bottom left","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recivVF3MN2dwomYH","title":"Papermaking","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Making_Paper_4.PNG","localImage":"/tech-images/papermaking.webp","year":105,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Communication","Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Paper"],"inventors":["Cai Lun"],"organizations":["Court of the Han dynasty"],"city":"Luoyang","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Luoyang, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai_Lun","details":"Cai Lun is generally credited as the inventor of paper, but there is archeological evidence that paper predates him by centuries. He likely came up with method improvements that turned paper into an industry.","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechr8cDQ05dBnQAs","title":"Pivoted scissors","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Greek_and_Roman_Forceps-Surgical_Instruments_Wellcome_M0004760.jpg/960px-Greek_and_Roman_Forceps-Surgical_Instruments_Wellcome_M0004760.jpg?20141022215623","localImage":"/tech-images/pivoted-scissors.webp","year":100,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissors#History","details":"Modern scissor design","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxidiUDcPYJcyfX","title":"Odometer (China)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Han_dynasty_odometer_cart.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/odometer--china-.webp","year":100,"dateDetails":"\"possibly by the prolific inventor and early scientist Zhang Heng (78 AD – 139 AD)\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Zhang Heng","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odometer","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechFC4K0YcWCfoxN","title":"Sternpost-mounted rudder","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Pottery_boat_from_Eastern_Han_Dynasty_showing_rudder.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/sternpost-mounted-rudder.webp","year":100,"dateDetails":"1st century, Eastern Han dynasty","type":"Part","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder#Sternpost-mounted_rudder","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"left","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rectjK8ycp2FESRe6","title":"Latitude and longitude","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PtolemyWorldMap.jpg/640px-PtolemyWorldMap.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/latitude-and-longitude.webp","year":100,"dateDetails":"approximate, based on Marinus of Tyre's lifetime. Influenced Ptolemy's Geography","type":"Technique","fields":["Geography"],"subfields":["Maps"],"inventors":["Marinus of Tyre"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified), Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinus_of_Tyre","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec1w9T70GsmpwInW","title":"Mould-board plough","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/ChineseIronPlow1637.jpg/1280px-ChineseIronPlow1637.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/mould-board-plough.webp","year":100,"dateDetails":"Han dynasty \"in the 1st and 2nd century\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plough#Mould-board_ploughing","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recv6APvgGAeuEqPD","title":"Stamp mill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/De_re_metallica_-_stamp_ore_crusher_%28125711574%29.jpg/1920px-De_re_metallica_-_stamp_ore_crusher_%28125711574%29.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","localImage":"/tech-images/stamp-mill.webp","year":100,"dateDetails":"Roman gold and silver mines from Wales to Iberia have left stone anvils scarred by evenly spaced blows, too regular to have been struck by hand, which Burnham identified as the beds of cam-operated ore stamps. The datable examples fall in the first and second centuries. Whether the earliest were driven by water or worked by men and animals is still argued. Written records of ore stamps follow only in Styria, by 1135.","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing","Mining"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_mill","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":"2026-08-11"},{"id":"recgqXVcBUUooJ99x","title":"Zinc oxide","subtitle":"aka Cadmia, Philosopher's wool","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Zinc_oxide.jpg?_=20050612165817","localImage":"/tech-images/zinc-oxide.webp","year":77,"dateDetails":"Mentioned in Dioscorides' De Materia Medica (~77 CE). Zinc oxide may be mentioned in the Sanskrit text Charaka Samhita as pushpanjan, often cited at ~500 BC, but scholars date the text to 100 BCE–200 CE and the identification is only presumed.","type":"Material","fields":["Chemistry","Medicine"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-10"},{"id":"recso0EpS0Sq2iKSv","title":"Amate","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Huex_codex_1a_loc.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/amate.webp","year":75,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Communication","Visual media"],"subfields":["Writing","Paper"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amate","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reche4A0pcXxfNPoi","title":"Divinatory compass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg/320px-Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/divinatory-compass.webp","year":70,"dateDetails":"Referenced in the Luheng, a book written c. 70-80","type":"Tool","fields":["Misc"],"subfields":["Magnetism"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_compass#China","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recLOiOy2BHuXTfx1","title":"Vending machine","subtitle":"","tier":"D","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ancient_vending_music%2C_Kotsanas_Museum_of_Ancient_Technology%2C_Athens%2C_Greece.jpg/1051px-Ancient_vending_music%2C_Kotsanas_Museum_of_Ancient_Technology%2C_Athens%2C_Greece.jpg?20250219163535","localImage":"/tech-images/vending-machine.webp","year":60,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Misc"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Hero of Alexandria"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vending_machine","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reclxF1eyHVIoTjzz","title":"Aeolipile","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/b/b8/20130121053449%21Aeolipile_illustration.png","localImage":"/tech-images/aeolipile.webp","year":60,"dateDetails":"","type":"Experiment","fields":["Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Hero of Alexandria"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolipile","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 15%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recVzbdVSBUZLLeIi","title":"Bagpipe","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Santes_Creus_Bagpiper.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/bagpipes.webp","year":60,"dateDetails":"Dio Chrysostom (1st century CE) and Suetonius (2nd century) describe Nero (reigned 54–68) playing a reedpipe with a bag under his arm (tibia utricularis)","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipes","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recfoDoXAanCScSRx","title":"Screw press","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Restored_olive_press_from_the_Roman_Empire.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/screw-press.webp","year":50,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_press","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recN7ruorEA3Iy9ve","title":"Hand plane","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Planes_tools_roman.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hand-plane.webp","year":50,"dateDetails":"Earliest examples known from Pompeii. Basic design may be much more ancient","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(tool)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTZHqFlDCwhjBls","title":"Birch bark manuscript","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_%281st_C%29%2C_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/birch-bark-manuscript.webp","year":50,"dateDetails":"The oldest birch bark scrolls from Gandhara are dated to the first half of the 1st century","type":"Material","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Writing","Paper"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Gandhara","countryModern":"Afghanistan, Pakistan","formattedLocation":"Gandhara","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_bark_manuscript","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Birch bark","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-13"},{"id":"rec9C0JMx3cUra9FD","title":"Hydraulic mining","subtitle":"Hushing, Ruina montium","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Panor%C3%A1mica_de_Las_M%C3%A9dulas.jpg/2560px-Panor%C3%A1mica_de_Las_M%C3%A9dulas.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hydraulic-mining.webp","year":50,"dateDetails":"At Las Médulas, \"large-scale production did not begin until the second half of the 1st century AD.\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Mining","Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Ponferrada","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Ponferrada, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_mining","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-14"},{"id":"recKMRaEnWUeVVDd8","title":"Glass window","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Roman_window_glass.jpg/1280px-Roman_window_glass.jpg?_=20130610071159","localImage":"/tech-images/glass-window.webp","year":50,"dateDetails":"Seneca, who died in 64, mentioned glass windows as a recent invention; physical evidence at Pompeii in 79","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction","Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2026-01-24"},{"id":"recdhf7efnNv0N9z3","title":"Soybean paste and soy sauce","subtitle":"Qingjiang","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Soy_sauce_2.jpg/250px-Soy_sauce_2.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/soybean-paste-and-soy-sauce.webp","year":40,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recbFwq6MWCH1FJBs","title":"Fluked anchor","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Nemi_060_museo_delle_Navi.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fluked-anchor.webp","year":40,"dateDetails":"Intact anchors with the familiar modern design and iron parts were found on the Nemi ships, from the reign of Caligula (37-41 AD); may be older, and descend from less advanced designs","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recFVj1MTL4N7aNQt","title":"Water-powered blast furnace","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Yuan_Dynasty_-_waterwheels_and_smelting.png","localImage":"/tech-images/water-powered-blast-furnace.webp","year":31,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Metallurgy","Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Du Shi"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Shi","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recRhPx1pL5XMlulo","title":"Greenhouse","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Villa_of_Livia_-_Frescos_-_detail_005.jpg/3840px-Villa_of_Livia_-_Frescos_-_detail_005.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/greenhouse.webp","year":30,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture","Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Rome","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Rome, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse#Roman_Empire","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recYNcjQrQwMTh1yc","title":"Trip hammer","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Earthenware_Model_of_Grain_Processing_Workshop%2C_China%2C_Eastern_Han%2C_25-_220_CE.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","localImage":"/tech-images/trip-hammer.webp","year":20,"dateDetails":"Huan Tan, writing around 20 CE, describes the pestle as improved first by treading, then by animals, then by falling water, with the benefit increased a hundredfold. Pliny, in 77, reports the same arrangement as ordinary across most of Italy. Roman hammer heads and cam-scarred anvils survive from mining and metalworking sites","type":"Tool","fields":["Energy","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_hammer","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","independentInnovations":[{"id":"recxk6BqoopvO3Ot0","year":77,"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","inventors":[],"organizations":[],"details":"Date of Pliny's mention of trip hammers, which seemed ordinary across most of Italy","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-11"}]},{"id":"recrmjAr9izeRrn1X","title":"Soap","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Savon_d%27Alep_Laurier_12%25_-_1.jpg/1599px-Savon_d%27Alep_Laurier_12%25_-_1.jpg?20150430203810","localImage":"/tech-images/soap.webp","year":1,"dateDetails":"\"Knowledge of how to produce true soap emerged at some point between early mentions of proto-soaps and the first century AD.\"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Sanitation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap#History","details":"Attributed to \"the Gauls\" by Pliny","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recR7udJwXe04nPuh","title":"Snow goggles","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Inuit_snow_goggles.jpg/250px-Inuit_snow_goggles.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/snow-goggles.webp","year":1,"dateDetails":"Most common date on various websites seems to be \"2000 years ago\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Americas, Ancient Asia","countryModern":"USA, Canada, Russia","formattedLocation":"Ancient Americas; Ancient Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_goggles","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDiTZ41qR2v91Bn","title":"Speculum metal mirror","subtitle":"aka High-tin bronze","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/40-foot_telescope_mirror.jpg/250px-40-foot_telescope_mirror.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/speculum-metal-mirror.webp","year":1,"dateDetails":"\"The knowledge of making very hard white high luster metal out of bronze-type high-tin alloys may date back more than 2000 years in China,[3] although it could also be an invention of western civilizations.[4] Remarks in Pliny the Elder may refer to it.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics","Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China, unknown","countryModern":"China, unknown","formattedLocation":"China; unknown","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculum_metal","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recI0fQ68vGv37gtG","title":"Combination lock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sicilia%2C_cofanetto_con_serratura_a_combinazione%2C_avorio_e_metallo_dorato%2C_xiii_secolo_04.jpg/1600px-Sicilia%2C_cofanetto_con_serratura_a_combinazione%2C_avorio_e_metallo_dorato%2C_xiii_secolo_04.jpg?20160629192932","localImage":"/tech-images/combination-lock.webp","year":1,"dateDetails":"The oldest combination lock known is from Athens from the early imperial Roman era, 27 BC to 138 AD: \"Am wahrscheinlichsten ist, wie F. Willemsen mitteilt, eine Entstehung in augusteischer oder hadrianischer Zeit\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Security"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Athens","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Athens, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_lock","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-19"},{"id":"reccDwE4GvN2GGsYx","title":"Lapis specularis window","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Lapis_specularis_Foro_Romano_de_Cartagena.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/lapis-specularis-window.webp","year":1,"dateDetails":"approximate","type":"Tool","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Segobriga","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Segobriga, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segobriga","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Selenite (gypsum)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-03"},{"id":"recEOnTTMItH3jtcd","title":"Reverse overshot water wheel","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/WaterwheelsSp.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/reverse-overshot-water-wheel.webp","year":-25,"dateDetails":"or before; -25 is the description by Vitruvius","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics","Mining"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_overshot_water_wheel","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec7lbck1SjcEz753","title":"Blown glass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Verre_gallo-romain_02.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/blown-glass.webp","year":-27,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Lebanon, Syria","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassblowing#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recFBxZyGPMn1KJHl","title":"Odometer (Western)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vitruve%27s_odometer%2C_1st_century_BC%2C_Roma_%28reconstruction%29.jpg/2560px-Vitruve%27s_odometer%2C_1st_century_BC%2C_Roma_%28reconstruction%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/odometer--western-.webp","year":-27,"dateDetails":"or earlier: \"An odometer for measuring distance was first described by Vitruvius around 27 and 23 BC, during the First Punic War, although the actual inventor may have been Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC).\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odometer","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recposWSqWEnHNsaP","title":"Treadwheel crane","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Roemerkran.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/treadwheel-crane.webp","year":-30,"dateDetails":"Vitruvius's De architectura (written circa 30-20 BCE) contains a description of the Polyspaston crane. There are surviving reliefs of treadwheel cranes during the 1st century AD.","type":"Tool","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadwheel_crane","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recIEK9cJTqkbBUy3","title":"Maya numerals and zero","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dresden_Codex_f8461796.png/311px-Dresden_Codex_f8461796.png","localImage":"/tech-images/maya-numerals-and-zero.webp","year":-36,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest long count date (on Stela 2 at Chiappa de Corzo, Chiapas) is from 36 BC.\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Mathematics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Maya civilization","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Maya civilization","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_numerals","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDQtsmuq1CRL0s2","title":"Arch dam","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Morrowdam.JPG/250px-Morrowdam.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/arch-dam.webp","year":-40,"dateDetails":"approximate (Glanum Dam in the 1st century BC, but after the conquest of southern Gaul by Julius Caesar)","type":"Technique","fields":["Hydraulics","Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_dam","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recAmjMsEW39ujkbM","title":"Solar calendar with leap years","subtitle":"Julian calendar","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sousse_Museum_in_the_Medina_Part1_030.jpg/1024px-Sousse_Museum_in_the_Medina_Part1_030.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/solar-calendar-with-leap-years.webp","year":-46,"dateDetails":"","type":"Standard","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":["The Sun"],"inventors":["Julius Caesar"],"organizations":[],"city":"Rome","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Rome, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recEczp7H045LXBBg","title":"Segmental arched bridge","subtitle":"Ponte San Lorenzo","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ponte_Molino%2C_Padua%2C_Italy._Pic_01.jpg/2880px-Ponte_Molino%2C_Padua%2C_Italy._Pic_01.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/segmental-arched-bridge.webp","year":-47,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Transportation","Construction"],"subfields":["Bridges"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Padua","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Padua, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_San_Lorenzo","details":"Image shows the Ponte Molino, another Roman-era segmental arch bridge in Padua","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recjWkrsYzxHK3utP","title":"Hipposandal","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hipposandal-ermont.jpg/250px-Hipposandal-ermont.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hipposandal.webp","year":-50,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":["Horses"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipposandal","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recAnl1CDbF5ehCXq","title":"Codex","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Devil_codex_Gigas.jpg/250px-Devil_codex_Gigas.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/codex.webp","year":-50,"dateDetails":"Approximate, based on Julius Caesar's lifetime. May be older — possible evidence from Ptolemaic Egypt","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":["Julius Caesar","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recbl3GGj2KSE55GU","title":"Substitution cipher","subtitle":"Caesar cipher","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Caesar_cipher_left_shift_of_3.svg/1920px-Caesar_cipher_left_shift_of_3.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail&_=20140119115628","localImage":"/tech-images/substitution-cipher.webp","year":-50,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Security","Communication"],"subfields":["Cryptography"],"inventors":["Julius Caesar","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_cipher","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-04"},{"id":"rechvwVxjKL2VjxIx","title":"Armillary sphere (China)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E5%91%A8%E5%A4%A9%E7%92%87%E7%92%A3%E5%9C%96.png","localImage":"/tech-images/armillary-sphere--china-.webp","year":-52,"dateDetails":"May date from the 4th century BC, but some historians doubt this. The armillary sphere reached its full development \"by 52 BC, with the astronomer Geng Shouchang's (耿壽昌) addition of a permanently fixed equatorial ring.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillary_sphere#China","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reckpZPZqXVw4gOCz","title":"Hypocaust","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pilettes_et_praefurnium_maison_grand_p%C3%A9ristyle.jpg/2880px-Pilettes_et_praefurnium_maison_grand_p%C3%A9ristyle.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hypocaust.webp","year":-80,"dateDetails":"Attributed to Sergius Orata by Vitruvius; probably older (e.g. dating to the Temple of Ephesus in 350 BC or the Stabian Baths in Pompeii in 125 BC)","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":["Heating"],"inventors":["Sergius Orata"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocaust","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recWTZAjx7uLhJwGM","title":"Oyster farming","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Roman_Ostraria_02.gif?20060414120526","localImage":"/tech-images/oyster-farming.webp","year":-95,"dateDetails":"Sometimes credited to Sergius Orata circa 95 BC","type":"Technique","fields":["Food"],"subfields":["Fishing"],"inventors":["Sergius Orata"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_farming","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recBPNhVPnKwomPrh","title":"Toe stirrup","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/AdshoCarnelianSeal.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/toe-stirrup.webp","year":-100,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest foot support was a toe loop that held the big toe and was used in India late in the second century BC, though it may have appeared as early as 500 BC.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":["Horses"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Satavahana Empire","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Satavahana Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirrup","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recimSATZz6MDMsBU","title":"Crank","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Roman_crank_handle%2C_Augusta_Raurica%2C_Switzerland._Pic_01.jpg/2560px-Roman_crank_handle%2C_Augusta_Raurica%2C_Switzerland._Pic_01.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/crank.webp","year":-100,"dateDetails":"An oft-cited specimen in the West dates from the 2nd century AD, but evidence from China pushes it back to Western Han (202 BC - 9 AD) winnowing fans","type":"Part","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec3SxYezKEXukz4A","title":"Barbat","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Gandharan_Lute.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/barbat.webp","year":-100,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest image of the barbat dates back to the 1st century BC from ancient northern Bactria.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Persia, Ancient Asia","countryModern":"Iran, Asia (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Persia; Ancient Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbat_(lute)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recPQsgOiSEK9gEEO","title":"True dome","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Baia-Complesso_Termal_Romano_2010-by-RaBoe-018.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled&_=20100910201450","localImage":"/tech-images/true-dome.webp","year":-100,"dateDetails":"Possibly the frigidarium of the Stabian Baths, dating from the 2nd-1st centuries BC. The so-called Temple of Mercury at Baiae is another example from he 1st century BC (depicted in the image).","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recGRRm3OX3eUd3cO","title":"Rotary winnowing fan","subtitle":"Fengshanche","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Winnowing_machine.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/rotary-winnowing-fan.webp","year":-100,"dateDetails":"Western Han dynasty (202 BC – 9 AD)","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fengshanche","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 65%","dateAdded":"2026-06-23"},{"id":"rechwBqfVUa4u9Gu5","title":"Barrel","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Funerary_stone_monument_found_in_Neumagen_in_the_shape_of_a_rowing_ship_for_transport_of_wine_barrels_on_the_Moselle_river%2C_about_220_AD%2C_Rheinisches_Landesmuseum_Trier%2C_Germany_%2829411828240%29.jpg/1920px-thumbnail.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail&_=20171226121838","localImage":"/tech-images/barrel.webp","year":-100,"dateDetails":"True barrels, i.e. closed, headed coopered casks designed for transport, are attested from archaeological finds in the first century BCE","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing","Transportation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Celtic people","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Celtic people","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-08-04"},{"id":"recpV3mchXIi0jEQR","title":"Louchuan","subtitle":"aka Tower ship","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Songrivership3.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","localImage":"/tech-images/louchuan.webp","year":-111,"dateDetails":"Tower ships appear in the Shiji, compiled by Sima Qian within decades of the events, as part of the Han fleet that took Panyu in 111 BC under Yang Pu, who held the standing title of Tower Ship General. That the title was already an office suggests the type was established practice by then rather than new to that campaign. Claims of Qin use against the Yue in 219 BC rest only on later sources.","type":"Weapon","fields":["Sailing","Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Guangzhou","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Guangzhou, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louchuan","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"id":"rec8FLOEnivGfswcy","title":"War wagon","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg/250px-Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/war-wagon.webp","year":-119,"dateDetails":"First documented use in battle, but may be far older","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation","Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_wagon","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMmaOeHVbuwD3xo","title":"Arched aqueduct bridge","subtitle":"Aqua Marcia","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/2_-_Parco_degli_Acquedotti.jpg/1920px-2_-_Parco_degli_Acquedotti.jpg?_=20190904103142","localImage":"/tech-images/arched-aqueduct-bridge.webp","year":-140,"dateDetails":"The Aqua Marcia (built 144–140 BC) was the first Roman aqueduct with extensive monumental true-arch arcades. Rome's earlier aqueducts (Aqua Appia 312 BC, Anio Vetus 272 BC) ran mostly underground; bridges were later (Imperial) additions. Image shows the Aqua Claudius (built 38–52 AD)","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Hydraulics"],"subfields":["Bridges"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Rome","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Rome, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_aqueduct","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-03"},{"id":"recM7nyzF1thf9mEA","title":"Tea","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tea_leaves_steeping_in_a_zhong_%C4%8Daj_05.jpg/960px-Tea_leaves_steeping_in_a_zhong_%C4%8Daj_05.jpg?20060731213752","localImage":"/tech-images/tea.webp","year":-141,"dateDetails":"\"In 2016, the discovery of the earliest known physical evidence of tea from the mausoleum of Emperor Jing of Han (d. 141 BCE) in Xi'an was announced, indicating that tea from the genus Camellia was drunk by Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE) emperors as early as the 2nd century BCE.\" Tea drinking  may be much older, but there is no clear evidence.","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tea","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Tea plant (Camellia sinensis)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-27"},{"id":"rec1c5ICWBh7G8rGC","title":"Analog computer","subtitle":"Antikythera mechanism","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg/250px-NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/analog-computer.webp","year":-150,"dateDetails":"The Antikythera mechanism is generally dated to 150-100 BC","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing","Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown","Hipparchus"],"organizations":[],"city":"Rhodes","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Rhodes, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism","details":"Antikythera mechanism possibly from Rhodes, possibly involved Hipparchus.","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recQ3dmAnQfhTSnt9","title":"Precession of the equinoxes","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Earth_precession.svg/200px-Earth_precession.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/precession-of-the-equinoxes.webp","year":-150,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Hipparchus"],"organizations":[],"city":"Rhodes","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Rhodes, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_precession","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recdOyVMRZUpkaNHc","title":"Roman concrete","subtitle":"aka Opus caementicium","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ancient_Roman_concrete_vault.jpg/1920px-Ancient_Roman_concrete_vault.jpg?_=20061219200508","localImage":"/tech-images/roman-concrete.webp","year":-150,"dateDetails":"\"Roman concrete was in widespread use from about 150 BC; some scholars believe it was developed a century before that.\"","type":"Material","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_concrete","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rech3QAbNtdxbKJwU","title":"Globe","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crates_Terrestrial_Sphere.png/240px-Crates_Terrestrial_Sphere.png","localImage":"/tech-images/globe.webp","year":-150,"dateDetails":"Earliest known example, by Crates of Mallus, but the first globes probably date from when the sphericity of the Earth was established","type":"Tool","fields":["Geography"],"subfields":["Maps"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recf8dP6zmJOvinoP","title":"Paper","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Fangmatan_paper_map.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/paper.webp","year":-179,"dateDetails":"The oldest known paper fragment is a map from Fangmatan, Gansu, China, dated to 179–141 BCE","type":"Material","fields":["Communication","Visual media"],"subfields":["Writing","Paper"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMJ1OhdyIanlFvs","title":"Cupronickel","subtitle":"aka Copper–nickel alloy, Paktong","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Euthydemos_II_cupro-nickel.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cupronickel.webp","year":-180,"dateDetails":"Coins are known from Bactria from 180 or 170 BC. Knowledge of cupronickel may date from the 3rd century BC in Yunnan, China","type":"Material","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":["Alloys"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupronickel","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechdqZMoTHqNOPvV","title":"Astrolabe","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0430_back.jpg/1920px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0430_back.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/astrolabe.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"between 220 and 150 BC","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Apollonius of Perga"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec30sYMaHy7Fxlzf","title":"Blast furnace","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nanjing_Wugengliao_Tugaoluqun_2013.10.04_11-27-54.jpg/1920px-Nanjing_Wugengliao_Tugaoluqun_2013.10.04_11-27-54.jpg?20140509130245","localImage":"/tech-images/blast-furnace.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recZwKltgmjy3kWn8","title":"Multi-tube seed drill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/ChineseSeedDrill1637.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/multi-tube-seed-drill.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_drill#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTEXRx0lOrOWB4c","title":"Lead pipes","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Grosvenor_Museums_-_Wasserr%C3%B6hren.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/lead-pipes.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Construction","Sanitation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Rome","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Rome, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead#Classical_era","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recBwL3jYTindKDIG","title":"Parchment","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Ashmolean_Parchment_AN_1981.940.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/parchment.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Communication","Visual media"],"subfields":["Writing","Paper"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Pergamon","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece, Ancient Anatolia","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece; Ancient Anatolia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parchment","details":"Traditionally said to have been invented in Pergamon as a response to the cessation of papyrus imports from Egypt. Real date probably more than 1000 years earlier.","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec9LkuYD2JXg7wH3","title":"Cog","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/L%C3%BCbeck_city_seal_1223.png","localImage":"/tech-images/cog.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing","Transportation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cog_(ship)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec3yjsSafrMB9aaZ","title":"Cochineal dye","subtitle":"aka Carmine","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Indian_collecting_cochineal.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cochineal-dye.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":["Pigments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Cochineal insect (Dactylopius coccus)","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recoMZjFgvihsxEWr","title":"Finery forge","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg?20080319095233","localImage":"/tech-images/finery-forge.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"\"A finery forge was used to refine wrought iron at least by the 3rd century BC in ancient China, based on the earliest archaeological specimens of cast and pig iron fined into wrought iron and steel found at the early Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) site at Tieshengguo. Pigott speculates that the finery forge existed in the previous Warring States period (403–221 BC), because of the wrought iron items from China dating to that period and there was no documented evidence of the bloomery ever being used in China.\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finery_forge","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"bottom left","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recoki5OIowJucRnW","title":"Candle","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Candles_Oberflacht.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/candle.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"The materials of a candle don't survive well, and its perishable body needs no special holder, so the practice is hard to pin down and older \"candlestick\" finds may really be lamp or incense stands. Two independent lines of evidence converge on the late 3rd century BCE. In Rome, Plautus's comedy Curculio (c. 193 BCE) has a character carry a wax wick-light, the earliest secure textual mention of one in use. In China, molded candles of whale fat with rolled-fibre wicks were sealed into the tomb of the first Qin emperor around 210 BCE, the earliest surviving physical examples. The image shows the earliest preserved beeswax candles, dating to the 6th-7th centuries in Europe","type":"Consumable","fields":["Lighting"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China, Ancient Rome","countryModern":"China, Italy","formattedLocation":"China; Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_candle_making","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 10%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDnupWxrhACmgSm","title":"Celestial globe","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/02_10_2024_Photo_Paolo_Villa-Napoli-mann-Museo_Archeologico-FO232559bis-Arte_Romana-Atlante_Farnese_Atlas-%286374%29-marmo.jpg/320px-02_10_2024_Photo_Paolo_Villa-Napoli-mann-Museo_Archeologico-FO232559bis-Arte_Romana-Atlante_Farnese_Atlas-%286374%29-marmo.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/celestial-globe.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"Oldest extant depiction is the Farnese Atlas, a statue dated 150 CE, but the invention was probably several centuries earlier and the statue is probably a copy of a Hellenistic era one","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece, Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_globe#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recs0T9SRnhMywA4N","title":"Drawloom","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/%E9%AB%98%E6%A9%9F%E6%A8%A1%E6%A7%98%E8%A3%82-Textile_fragment_with_incomplete_repeating_pattern_of_loom%2C_weaver%2C_and_drawboy_MET_DP11389.jpg/1280px-%E9%AB%98%E6%A9%9F%E6%A8%A1%E6%A7%98%E8%A3%82-Textile_fragment_with_incomplete_repeating_pattern_of_loom%2C_weaver%2C_and_drawboy_MET_DP11389.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/drawloom.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"200 BC is the date supported by the best archaeological evidence (Laoguanshan). 400 BC is plausible, based on inferring from surviving textiles that a pattern loom existed during the Warring States period.","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom#Figure_harness_and_the_drawloom","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recjh8xPzRLBzebUf","title":"Padlock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ancient_Roman_padlock_MANN.jpg/2560px-Ancient_Roman_padlock_MANN.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/padlock.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"\"Padlocks have been used in Europe since the middle La Tène period, subsequently spreading to the Roman world and the Przeworsk and Chernyakhov cultures.\" Middle La Tène is approximately 300 to 100 BC","type":"Tool","fields":["Security"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padlock","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-19"},{"id":"recZfsJKQWUkyjOce","title":"Treadle loom","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Piren%C3%B3polis_-_State_of_Goi%C3%A1s%2C_Brazil_-_panoramio_%2872%29.jpg/1920px-Piren%C3%B3polis_-_State_of_Goi%C3%A1s%2C_Brazil_-_panoramio_%2872%29.jpg?20170714022644","localImage":"/tech-images/treadle-loom.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadle","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-02-10"},{"id":"reciq6uebN1sAFTAm","title":"Groin vault","subtitle":"aka Double barrel vault","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bab_al-Nasr_Cairo_DSCF0044.jpg/1920px-Bab_al-Nasr_Cairo_DSCF0044.jpg?20220617072102","localImage":"/tech-images/groin-vault.webp","year":-223,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Delphi","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Delphi, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groin_vault","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-01-24"},{"id":"recXIYI4oGRoeIcAF","title":"Elevator","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Konrad_Kyeser%2C_Bellifortis%2C_Clm_30150%2C_Tafel_09%2C_Blatt_38v_%28Ausschnitt%29.jpg/399px-Konrad_Kyeser%2C_Bellifortis%2C_Clm_30150%2C_Tafel_09%2C_Blatt_38v_%28Ausschnitt%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/elevator.webp","year":-236,"dateDetails":"The earliest reference to an elevator is by Vitruvius, who attributes it to Archimedes","type":"Tool","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Archimedes"],"organizations":[],"city":"Syracuse","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Syracuse, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMIWmEjR3HjHL7H","title":"Earth's circumference","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Eratosthenes%27_method_for_determining_the_size_of_the_Earth.GIF?20100524130444","localImage":"/tech-images/earth-s-circumference.webp","year":-240,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Measurement"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Eratosthenes"],"organizations":["Mouseion of Alexandria"],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_circumference","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recka479z8MO77uUX","title":"Standardized prefabricated ship building","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Marsala_ship_2.jpg?_=20120318021153","localImage":"/tech-images/standardized-prefabricated-ship-building.webp","year":-241,"dateDetails":"Date of the Battle of the Aegates, in which the Marsala Punic ships are believed to have played a role. These ships have markings representing evidence of standardized prefabricated components.","type":"Technique","fields":["Sailing","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Carthage","countryModern":"Tunisia","formattedLocation":"Carthage","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-10"},{"id":"recbyHxUAFpVQeSpR","title":"Water organ","subtitle":"aka Hydraulis","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Nennig_Roman_Villa_and_Mosaics_-_51134391923.jpg/1920px-Nennig_Roman_Villa_and_Mosaics_-_51134391923.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail&_=20210424201553","localImage":"/tech-images/water-organ.webp","year":-250,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music","Hydraulics"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":["Ctesibius of Alexandria"],"organizations":["Mouseion of Alexandria"],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_organ","details":"Ctesibius' most commonly known invention today is a pipe organ (hydraulis), a predecessor of the modern church organ.","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 10%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reczf7MWlxZOgeruG","title":"Archimedes' screw","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Archimedes_screw.JPG?_=20070623110510","localImage":"/tech-images/archimedes--screw.webp","year":-250,"dateDetails":"Unknown date, but frequently attributed to Archimedes, though this is controversial.","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown","Archimedes"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recHcxicQapJx5dnH","title":"Gimbal","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Villard_de_Honnecourt_-_Sketchbook_-_17.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/gimbal.webp","year":-250,"dateDetails":"approximate, based on Philo's lifetime","type":"Part","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Philo of Byzantium","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimbal","details":"Philo described it and the invention is sometimes attributed to him","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recaaXoED9rdPYQg5","title":"Watermill","subtitle":"Flour mill","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Roda_de_Vitruvi.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/water-wheel--greece-.webp","year":-250,"dateDetails":"M.J.T. Lewis assigns the horizontal-wheeled mill to Byzantium (first half of the 3rd century) and the vertical-wheeled mill to Alexandria (circa 240 BC)","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics","Energy","Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown","Philo of Byzantium"],"organizations":[],"city":"Byzantium,Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece, Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece; Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheel#Western_world","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMxLzPZxtx4QDPw","title":"Philo's thermoscope","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Fludd_figure_of_philo_experiment.png","localImage":"/tech-images/philo-s-thermoscope.webp","year":-250,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement","Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Philo of Byzantium"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometer#Philo_of_Byzantium","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-12"},{"id":"recwfi0HKcijft0Qc","title":"Saqiyah","subtitle":"aka Sakia, Tympanum","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/David_Roberts_ancient_fountain.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/saqiyah.webp","year":-250,"dateDetails":"3rd century BC, about a century after norias","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics","Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqiyah","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 35%","dateAdded":"2026-02-04"},{"id":"reci3Orwt76pK0PJb","title":"Armillary sphere (Greece)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Sph%C3%A8re_armillaire_de_l%27Encyclop%C3%A9die_de_Diderot.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/armillary-sphere--greece-.webp","year":-255,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Eratosthenes"],"organizations":[],"city":"Athens","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Athens, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillary_sphere#Hellenistic_world_and_ancient_Rome","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 35%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reckirwWKVC2l4GGY","title":"Force pump","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Bomba_hidr%C3%A1ulica_romana_%28M.A.N._Inv.1936-39-1%29_01.jpg/1920px-Bomba_hidr%C3%A1ulica_romana_%28M.A.N._Inv.1936-39-1%29_01.jpg?_=20081015010308","localImage":"/tech-images/force-pump.webp","year":-270,"dateDetails":"Ctesibius's piston force pump, Alexandria, described by Philo, Vitruvius, and Hero; Roman examples found at Pompeii and Bolsena.","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Ctesibius of Alexandria","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_hydraulics_in_antiquity","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rectAREBAHBbEJEZv","title":"Catheter","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Roman_catheters.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/catheter.webp","year":-270,"dateDetails":"Various versions of the catheter were invented across several cultures over millennia. A recognizable and dateable advance is the S-shaped metal catheter, attributed to Erasistratus circa 280-260 BC.","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Surgery"],"inventors":["Erasistratus"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catheter","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-27"},{"id":"recq11SwYrL9JhWcy","title":"Canal lock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Abingdon_flash_lock.jpg/1920px-Abingdon_flash_lock.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","localImage":"/tech-images/flash-lock.webp","year":-274,"dateDetails":"Diodorus reports the canal from the Nile to the Red Sea was completed by Ptolemy II only once it had been fitted with a lock, and the Pithom Stele records a navigable lock with sluices at the Heroopolite Gulf that passed vessels while keeping Red Sea water out of the fresh canal. Strabo writes that the Ptolemaic kings made the passage closable, so ships could sail out and back at will. Usually dated to 274 or 273 BC.","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Hydraulics","Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Arsinoe","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Arsinoe, Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_lock","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-08-16","independentInnovations":[{"id":"reciHnrfdrOVUV9Ct","year":-50,"city":"Nanyang","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Nanyang, China","inventors":[],"organizations":[],"details":"Single-gate locks were in use on canals near Nanyang by the first century BC, holding a head of water back and releasing it to carry boats through. Nothing connects them to the Ptolemaic gate at Arsinoe two centuries earlier — no text records contact on the point, and the Chinese devices controlled levels on inland grain canals rather than keeping sea water out of a fresh channel. The date is Needham's and approximate.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-16"}]},{"id":"receeUbRx2YR73zVZ","title":"Simple suspension bridge","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/The_Indian_empire-_history%2C_topography%2C_geology%2C_climate%2C_population%2C_chief_cities_and_provinces%3B_tributary_and_protected_states%3B_military_power_and_resources%3B_religion%2C_education%2C_crime%3B_land_%2814766319711%29.jpg/1920px-thumbnail.jpg?_=20200930160148","localImage":"/tech-images/simple-suspension-bridge.webp","year":-285,"dateDetails":"The earliest documented simple suspension bridge, a vine deck resting on two cables, is dated by Peters (1987) to at least 285 BC in China. Consistent with Han-era records of rope bridges in Yunnan and the cable bridges of Li Bing's 3rd-century-BC Dujiangyan works","type":"Technique","fields":["Transportation","Construction"],"subfields":["Bridges"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_suspension_bridge#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recRIIP5Gk78zj5Yf","title":"Dioptra","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/AlidadePinnule.JPG?20130614145008","localImage":"/tech-images/dioptra.webp","year":-300,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy","Measurement"],"subfields":["Surveying"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece, Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Greece, Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece; Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioptra","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recLfwMLqPonrxAWv","title":"Saltpeter","subtitle":"aka Potassium nitrate","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Potassium_nitrate.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/saltpeter.webp","year":-300,"dateDetails":"\"Saltpeter finds mention in Kautilya's Arthashastra (compiled 300BC - 300AD), which mentions using its poisonous smoke as a weapon of war, although its use for propulsion did not appear until medieval times.\"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry","Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Maurya Empire","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Maurya Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_nitrate","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Natural niter efflorescence","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recIrf1HPFJTeZi3T","title":"Chain mail","subtitle":"aka Hauberk","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/KMM_-_Kriegergrab_Ciumesti_Kettenhemd.jpg/640px-KMM_-_Kriegergrab_Ciumesti_Kettenhemd.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/chain-mail.webp","year":-300,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest examples of surviving mail were found in the Carpathian Basin at a burial in Horný Jatov, Slovakia dated in the 3rd century BC, and in a chieftain's burial located in Ciumești, Romania. Its invention is commonly credited to the Celts, but there are examples of Etruscan pattern mail dating from at least the 4th century BC.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Celtic people","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Celtic people","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_mail","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reczGgt1ksIsAMuW5","title":"True arch bridge","subtitle":"Rhodes Footbridge","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Roma-ponterotto01.jpg/330px-Roma-ponterotto01.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/true-arch-bridge.webp","year":-300,"dateDetails":"The Rhodes Footbridge is oldest known voussoir-arch bridge, dated to the late 4th c. BC (early Hellenistic), tied to Rhodes's walled harbour. Marks the arch's first application to a bridge, though such bridges were far more common during the Roman era (e.g. Pons Aemilius, pictured, in 142 BC)","type":"Technique","fields":["Transportation","Construction"],"subfields":["Bridges"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Rhodes","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Rhodes, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons_Aemilius","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recbezT994tO6cnQ1","title":"White lead","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Make-up_box_KAM_Athens_15539.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/white-lead.webp","year":-300,"dateDetails":"Probably used earlier, but written about by Theophrastus c. 300 BC.","type":"Consumable","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy","Pigments"],"inventors":["Theophrastus","unknown"],"organizations":["Lyceum"],"city":"Athens","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Athens, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_lead","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-02"},{"id":"recHCqJTgK7FdqlYq","title":"Verdigris","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Copper%28II%29acetate_01.JPG/1598px-Copper%28II%29acetate_01.JPG?20100916151002","localImage":"/tech-images/verdigris.webp","year":-300,"dateDetails":"Written about by Theophrastus c. 300 BC.","type":"Consumable","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy","Pigments"],"inventors":["Theophrastus","unknown"],"organizations":["Lyceum"],"city":"Athens","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Athens, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdigris","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-02"},{"id":"rec6nq442Z1JnZ426","title":"Keel","subtitle":"Kyrenia ship","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Kyrenia_ship.jpg/2560px-Kyrenia_ship.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/keel.webp","year":-315,"dateDetails":"Launch date of the Kyrenia, the oldest recovered ship with a keel","type":"Part","fields":["Sailing","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-27"},{"id":"recInSKWZ6pJpDxkW","title":"Caltrop","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Roman_caltrop.jpg/500px-Roman_caltrop.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/caltrop.webp","year":-331,"dateDetails":"First documented at the Battle of Gaugamela (331 BC)","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece, Ancient Mesopotamia","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece; Ancient Mesopotamia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltrop","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-03-20"},{"id":"recNlChMq26Pa7Jh5","title":"Ballista","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Reproduction_of_Roman_Ballista_-_Al%C3%A9sia_2015.jpg/1920px-Reproduction_of_Roman_Ballista_-_Al%C3%A9sia_2015.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail&_=20150823163503","localImage":"/tech-images/ballista.webp","year":-340,"dateDetails":"An Athenian inventory of 330 or 329 lists eleven catapult frames brought from Eretria. Lucas identifies these as the earliest unmistakable torsion machines, and since they had already seen service, places their use at Eretria around 340. The traditional date of 399, from Dionysius of Syracuse's armaments programme, is set aside: those sources call the new weapons catapults without saying what powered them, and they were most likely bow-driven.","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballista","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2025-09-01"},{"id":"rechRdKyc2NMs9jVT","title":"Diving bell","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Alejandro_Magno_en_submarino.jpg?_=20130730013853","localImage":"/tech-images/diving-bell.webp","year":-350,"dateDetails":"4th century; described by Aristotle","type":"Tool","fields":["Diving"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bell","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recS3X30t3wstgqKn","title":"Pike","subtitle":"Sarissa","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alexander_Mosaic_-_Cropped_to_Alexander_and_Darius_-_Spears.jpg/640px-Alexander_Mosaic_-_Cropped_to_Alexander_and_Darius_-_Spears.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/pike.webp","year":-350,"dateDetails":"approximate; began being used tactically during the reign of Philip II of Macedon (359-336)","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Macedonian army"],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Macedon","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Macedon","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_(weapon)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxcwjnHf7iPuTHt","title":"Noria and water wheel","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Aegypt1987020_hg.jpg/1920px-Aegypt1987020_hg.jpg?20101224005850","localImage":"/tech-images/noria-and-water-wheel.webp","year":-350,"dateDetails":"4th century BC","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics","Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noria","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-02-04"},{"id":"recHPFapCp9y8bMyB","title":"Animal-driven rotary mill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Stele_funeraire_boulanger_-_Narbo_Via.jpg/1280px-Stele_funeraire_boulanger_-_Narbo_Via.jpg?_=20210620164649","localImage":"/tech-images/animal-driven-rotary-mill.webp","year":-375,"dateDetails":"Evidence in a shipwreck dated 375 to 350 BC","type":"Tool","fields":["Food","Energy"],"subfields":["Horses"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Carthage","countryModern":"Tunisia, Italy","formattedLocation":"Carthage","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_mill","details":"Possibly in Carthaginian Sardinia","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recrAshtUjRk7fp7m","title":"Gears","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Eastern_Zhou_Bronze_Ratchet_Gear.jpg/3840px-Eastern_Zhou_Bronze_Ratchet_Gear.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail","localImage":"/tech-images/gears.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"Earliest surviving gears are cast-bronze toothed wheels from Luoyang, Warring States period, 4th c. BC. Gears appeared in the Hellenistic world a little later (Mentioned by Aristotle c. 330 BC; Philo of Byzantium c. 250 BC; bronze Antikythera mechanism c. 150 BC), almost certainly independently","type":"Part","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","independentInnovations":[{"id":"rec3BOBO5i9UCLbs3","year":-330,"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","inventors":["Philo of Byzantium","unknown"],"organizations":[],"details":"\"In Europe, Aristotle mentions gears around 330 BC, as wheel drives in windlasses.\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear","dateAdded":"2026-08-13"}]},{"id":"rec5QEAuOGObdTFbR","title":"Traction trebuchet","subtitle":"aka Mangonel","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Warring_States_Traction_Trebuchet_Model.jpg/2560px-Warring_States_Traction_Trebuchet_Model.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/traction-trebuchet.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangonel","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec7HN3laxXJQafXZ","title":"Camera obscura","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/1545_gemma_frisius_-_camera-obscura-sonnenfinsternis_1545-650x337.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/camera-obscura.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"first written description, attributed to Mozi (470-391 BC)","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics","Astronomy","Visual media"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscura","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recoNu1MNZlfQClgQ","title":"Yakhchāl","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Yakhchal_of_Yazd_province.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/yakhch-l.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Food","Construction"],"subfields":["Cooling"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Persia","countryModern":"Iran","formattedLocation":"Ancient Persia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakhch%C4%81l","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recaiZGn8sy3tNL82","title":"Hydraulic telegraph","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Greek_Hydraulic_Telegraph_of_Aeneas_relief.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hydraulic-telegraph.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication","Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recjJk4jVasEkLmDt","title":"Petroleum as fuel","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Petroleum_sample.jpg/500px-Petroleum_sample.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/petroleum-as-fuel.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2SQ7b1uLbQkTc6","title":"Embroidery","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Chinese_silk%2C_4th_Century_BC.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/embroidery.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"\"Works in China have been dated to the Warring States period (5th–3rd century BC).\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec462HGe4xdpUpYH","title":"Muslin","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Muslin_men.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/muslin.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"\"Muslin finds mention in Megasthenes’ writings, a Greek envoy to the court of Chandragupta Maurya in the 4th century BC\"","type":"Material","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient India","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Ancient India","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslin","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recWDcPVzSI9PnsAh","title":"Encaustic painting","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Egyptian_-_Mummy_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_Walters_323.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/encaustic-painting.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Paint"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encaustic_painting","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-04-22"},{"id":"recmzpNhXhI23BamH","title":"Method of exhaustion","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Archimedes_pi.svg/2880px-Archimedes_pi.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/method-of-exhaustion.webp","year":-420,"dateDetails":"Approximate. Attributed to Antiphon, who died in 411 BC","type":"Technique","fields":["Mathematics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Antiphon"],"organizations":[],"city":"Athens","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Athens, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_exhaustion","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recFmVxQ7swU36OwQ","title":"Crossbow (Greece)","subtitle":"Gastraphetes","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/200910311250MEZ_Saalburg-Museum%2C_Gastraphetes.jpg/250px-200910311250MEZ_Saalburg-Museum%2C_Gastraphetes.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/crossbow--greece-.webp","year":-421,"dateDetails":"No source records when the belly-bow was first made. Heron says the stand-mounted machines that followed were inspired by it, and Biton credits two advanced versions to Zopyros, probably built for the sieges of Cumae and Miletus. The handheld weapon must therefore already have existed by then","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece, Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastraphetes","details":"It's possible that crossbows spread from China to Europe, but there are differences in mechanism","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recXXlYOcFCIIrWmP","title":"Oxybeles","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Oxebeles.jpg?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","localImage":"/tech-images/oxybeles.webp","year":-421,"dateDetails":"Biton describes two enlarged bow-machines by Zopyros, built for the sieges of Cumae and Miletus in the late fifth century, and records a base and a winch on both. The gunner no longer braced the weapon against his stomach, so draw weight was no longer capped by what a body could push. Marsden treats the arrival of winch and base as the second stage in the development of artillery.","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Zopyros"],"organizations":[],"city":"Cumae","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Cumae, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxybeles","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 15%","dateAdded":"2026-08-09"},{"id":"recPykekM1oHIpEaB","title":"Alum","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Alum.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/alum.webp","year":-430,"dateDetails":"approximate, based on Herodotus who mentioned it first in his Histories","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alum","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Alunite","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-01"},{"id":"recgEqCFexUAL2Q2H","title":"Spiral stairs","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Koldewey-Sicilien-vol2-table15-detail01.png?20080802095710","localImage":"/tech-images/spiral-stairs.webp","year":-480,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Selinunte","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Selinunte, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_spiral_stairs","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recEwyr1oAvzPQqPF","title":"Scythed chariot","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_charge_of_the_Persian_scythed_chariots_at_the_battle_of_Gaugamela_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg/1600px-The_charge_of_the_Persian_scythed_chariots_at_the_battle_of_Gaugamela_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg?20060321052053","localImage":"/tech-images/scythed-chariot.webp","year":-485,"dateDetails":"reign of Ajatashatru: c. 492 to 460 BCE or early 5th century BCE","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Ajatashatru"],"organizations":[],"city":"Pataliputra","countryHistorical":"Magadha","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Pataliputra, Magadha","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythed_chariot","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recSy580l6hDNx6jA","title":"Cast iron","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%E6%B2%A7%E5%B7%9E%E9%93%81%E7%8B%AE%E5%AD%902020_%284%29.jpg/2560px-%E6%B2%A7%E5%B7%9E%E9%93%81%E7%8B%AE%E5%AD%902020_%284%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cast-iron.webp","year":-500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Luhe","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Luhe, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_iron","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recpXV7BqPnBxFDjn","title":"Lighthouse","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Torre_de_H%C3%A9rcules_2023.jpg/1280px-Torre_de_H%C3%A9rcules_2023.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/lighthouse.webp","year":-500,"dateDetails":"\"Themistocles had earlier established a lighthouse at the harbour of Piraeus connected to Athens in the 5th century BC, essentially a small stone column with a fire beacon\"","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Sailing","Lighting"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Athens","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Athens, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_lighthouses","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec4yVmQacxsjnSO1","title":"Rotary quern","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Haskovo_Historic_Museum_2011_PD_021.JPG/1920px-Haskovo_Historic_Museum_2011_PD_021.JPG?_=20120513212614","localImage":"/tech-images/rotary-quern.webp","year":-500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Carthage, Celtiberian Spain","countryModern":"Spain, Tunisia","formattedLocation":"Carthage; Celtiberian Spain","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quern-stone","details":"Possibly in Celtiberian Spain, possibly in Carthage","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recT9jeqowWq9Qu6z","title":"Corn tortilla","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/Tortilleras_aztecas.jpg?20090405134944","localImage":"/tech-images/corn-tortilla.webp","year":-500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilla","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recBEnFqKL9GZVzjo","title":"Sphericity of the Earth","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/John_Gower_world_Vox_Clamantis_detail.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/sphericity-of-the-earth.webp","year":-500,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest documented mention of the concept dates from around the 5th century BC, when it appears in the writings of Greek philosophers.\" May be older","type":"Discovery","fields":["Geography","Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_Earth#History_of_concept_and_measurement","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recaQfTqUKmEbRAKe","title":"Three-field crop rotation","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Three_Field_System.svg/800px-Three_Field_System.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/three-field-crop-rotation.webp","year":-500,"dateDetails":"Eastern Zhou period, 771-256 BCE. Invented independently during the European Middle Ages.","type":"Technique","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-field_system","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recBszlLd0JejJX0J","title":"Muscle cuirass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Museo_archeologico_regionale_paolo_orsi%2C_corazza_in_bronzo%2C_da_tomba_5_necropoli_della_fossa%2C_370-340_ac._01.JPG/500px-Museo_archeologico_regionale_paolo_orsi%2C_corazza_in_bronzo%2C_da_tomba_5_necropoli_della_fossa%2C_370-340_ac._01.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/muscle-cuirass.webp","year":-500,"dateDetails":"\"It first appears in late Archaic Greece and became widespread throughout the 5th and 4th centuries BC.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_cuirass","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recZ9MZ6i74klk7hM","title":"Cork","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cork.jpg/500px-Cork.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cork.webp","year":-500,"dateDetails":"Often described as dating from 3000 BC in online source, but not confirmed by archeology or scholarly sources. Use starting in the 5th century is better attested","type":"Material","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(material)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Cork oak (Quercus suber)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-03-26"},{"id":"recmqvF5E1B4r5Hsb","title":"Crane","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Roman_Winch_Crane_%28Model%29_ACOR_Jordan0870.jpg/1920px-Roman_Winch_Crane_%28Model%29_ACOR_Jordan0870.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail&_=20140718194252","localImage":"/tech-images/crane.webp","year":-515,"dateDetails":"Cuttings for lifting tongs and lewis irons appear on Greek temple blocks by this date, and Coulton argued that regular crane use was virtually certain from the late sixth century. The date is an upper bound rather than an origin: the machine existed by then, but how much earlier is unknown. Pierattini finds primitive lifting frameworks a century earlier, yet upholds Coulton on the crane proper.","type":"Tool","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(machine)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rectLkkWbXc7e7qyR","title":"Pine tar","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Wood_tar.jpg/250px-Wood_tar.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/pine-tar.webp","year":-540,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Naval stores"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Uppsala","countryHistorical":"Iron Age Scandinavia","countryModern":"Sweden","formattedLocation":"Uppsala, Iron Age Scandinavia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_tar","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Pine (Pinus)","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recfEXrjEVKE7px7E","title":"Truss","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Affresco_dell%27aspetto_antico_della_basilica_costantiniana_di_san_pietro_nel_IV_secolo.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/truss.webp","year":-550,"dateDetails":"The first practical deployment of the true tie-beam truss was in West Greek (Sicilian) roof carpentry, believed to date to ~550 BC (Hodge, The Woodwork of Greek Roofs). The horizontal tie beam, carrying tension to counter the outward thrust of the rafters, is what distinguishes a true truss from a simple A-frame and allows column-free spans. Systematized and scaled up under Rome. Possible precursors in Etruria, Phrygia, and Carthage","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2026-07-02"},{"id":"rec3u5W7JGSAxyEJT","title":"Cam","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Cam2_%28PSF%29.jpg?20070902013820","localImage":"/tech-images/cam.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec74hNASiF8ataDY","title":"Lathe","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Drehbank_Petosiris.png?20170302190030","localImage":"/tech-images/lathe.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Machine tools"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified), Ancient Anatolia, Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified), Turkey, Egypt","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified); Ancient Anatolia; Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recKzeM5bduLB9k92","title":"Crucible steel","subtitle":"Wootz steel","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Watered_pattern_on_sword_blade1.Iran.JPG/320px-Watered_pattern_on_sword_blade1.Iran.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/crucible-steel.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Metallurgy","Weaponry"],"subfields":["Steel"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Kodumanal","countryHistorical":"Ancient Tamilakam","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Kodumanal, Ancient Tamilakam","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucible_steel","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recospOrwP7P5q8lh","title":"Wagonway","subtitle":"Diolkos","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Diolkos_02.jpg/1600px-Diolkos_02.jpg?20180516150230","localImage":"/tech-images/wagonway.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":["Rail"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Corinth","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Corinth, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagonway","details":"the Diolkos, built to move ships across the isthmus of Corinth","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec7THI55Q8REcHiV","title":"Coins","subtitle":"Lydian Lion coins","tier":"S","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/BMC_06.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/coins.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Commerce"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Lydia","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Lydia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_coins","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec5FJCme59AHoWar","title":"Writing (Mesoamerica)","subtitle":"Zapotec script","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Oaxaca_de_Ju%C3%A1rez%2C_Monte_Alb%C3%A1n_05.jpg/960px-Oaxaca_de_Ju%C3%A1rez%2C_Monte_Alb%C3%A1n_05.jpg?_=20190813151554","localImage":"/tech-images/writing--mesoamerica-.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"Dated based on the San José Mogote Monument 3, earliest glyphs of the Zapotec script. The Cascajal Block of the Olmec civilization is earlier (900 BC), but is controversial and a descendant-less isolate","type":"Technique","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Zapotec civilization","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Zapotec civilization","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_writing_systems","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDQsnnjC6DPh1C2","title":"Chocolate","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Mayan_people_and_chocolate.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/chocolate.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Maya civilization","countryModern":"Mexico, Guatemala","formattedLocation":"Maya civilization","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_chocolate","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recuDy7S3EEON6rUu","title":"Caliper","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89%E9%93%9C%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%BA.jpg/2880px-%E4%B8%9C%E6%B1%89%E9%93%9C%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%BA.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/caliper.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"Earliest calipers found in a shipwreck in Italy dated to c. 600 BC","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calipers","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rectVhzgKGkQNq0ke","title":"Vitriol","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Iron%28II%29-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg/500px-Iron%28II%29-sulfate-heptahydrate-sample.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/vitriol.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"First attested in Neo-Assyrian lexical lists (~600 BC) classifying vitriols by color","type":"Material","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Assyria","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Assyria","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitriol","details":"Vitriol is a generic name for various sulfates, especially iron(II) sulfate (green vitriol) and copper(II) sulfate (blue vitriol)","naturalOrigin":"Weathered sulfide minerals","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-24"},{"id":"recI8O5T7JdDXo0YJ","title":"Rosin","subtitle":"aka Colophony","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Maison_du_patrimoine_de_Mimizan_colophane_3.jpg/1920px-Maison_du_patrimoine_de_Mimizan_colophane_3.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail&_=20170722201129","localImage":"/tech-images/rosin.webp","year":-600,"dateDetails":"Brittle solid produced by heating raw pine resin to drive off the volatile turpentine, distinct from pine resin itself and pine pitch. The 600 BC date is based on educated guesses related to the ancient city of Colophon as the famous source. 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This is not true, but Ameinocles was building triremes in Greece in 704 BC.","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing","Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Ameinocles","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece, Phoenicia","countryModern":"Greece, Lebanon","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece; Phoenicia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trireme","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechNeqpHbxgMPGHx","title":"Qanat","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Qanat_cross_section.svg/3840px-Qanat_cross_section.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/qanat.webp","year":-714,"dateDetails":"The current consensus on the earliest qanat is Sargon II of Assyria's \"Letter to the God,\" dated to 714 BC, and describing an underground water-collection system that most historians read as an early qanat","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Urartu","countryModern":"Iran","formattedLocation":"Urartu","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanat","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-03"},{"id":"rec7vtq0fYV5ZUg7R","title":"Magnifying glass","subtitle":"Nimrud lens","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Nimrud_lens_British_Museum.jpg/250px-Nimrud_lens_British_Museum.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/magnifying-glass.webp","year":-750,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Nimrud","countryHistorical":"Assyria","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Nimrud, Assyria","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrud_lens","details":"speculative: the Nimrud lens may have been a magnifying glass, or just a decorative item. 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Metallurgical study of early Cypriot blades places both practices there in the eleventh century BC and credits them with iron's rise on the island. This matches the conventional beginning of the Iron Age.","type":"Material","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":["Steel"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Cyprus","countryModern":"Cyprus","formattedLocation":"Ancient Cyprus","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-29"},{"id":"recW7wWSSngnONHhp","title":"Sheng","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Watercolor_of_musician_playing_sheng_MET_DP211158.jpg/960px-Watercolor_of_musician_playing_sheng_MET_DP211158.jpg?_=20170712032554","localImage":"/tech-images/sheng.webp","year":-1100,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheng_(instrument)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recKujyUECnBu757j","title":"Mesoamerican calendars","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Maya_Calendar_by_Matthew_Bisanz.JPG/640px-Maya_Calendar_by_Matthew_Bisanz.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/mesoamerican-calendars.webp","year":-1100,"dateDetails":"","type":"Standard","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Olmec civilization, Maya civilization","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Olmec civilization; Maya civilization","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"receVB27eeWbbx0i0","title":"Macuahuitl","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Florentine_Codex_IX_Aztec_Warriors.jpg/320px-Florentine_Codex_IX_Aztec_Warriors.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/macuahuitl.webp","year":-1150,"dateDetails":"\"Clubs or shafts with obsidian blades lining them are clearly pretty ancient: The San Lorenzo monuments as I said would probably date back to 1400-900BC\"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macuahuitl","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recGJBfzg2j4BbqeE","title":"Distillation","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Zosimos_distillation_equipment.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/distillation.webp","year":-1200,"dateDetails":"date of Akkadian tablets describing perfumery operations","type":"Technique","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesopotamia","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Ancient Mesopotamia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recKJm63LbTOMJnNc","title":"Writing (China)","subtitle":"Oracle bone script","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Shang_Inscribed_Ox_Scapula_%28for_divination%29.jpg/1920px-Shang_Inscribed_Ox_Scapula_%28for_divination%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/writing--china-.webp","year":-1200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Yinxu","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Yinxu, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_bone_script","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recRj7j6qDOERfnr4","title":"Tyrian purple","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Dyed_silk_using_Murex_pigment_from_Tunisia.jpg?20150818100319","localImage":"/tech-images/tyrian-purple.webp","year":-1200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":["Pigments"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Phoenicia","countryModern":"Lebanon","formattedLocation":"Phoenicia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrian_purple","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Murex sea snails (Bolinus brandaris)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recbResSkH4CzMJkv","title":"Bamboo and wooden slips","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%9A%E6%A5%9A%E7%AE%80%E5%91%A8%E6%98%93.jpg/960px-%E4%B8%8A%E5%8D%9A%E6%A5%9A%E7%AE%80%E5%91%A8%E6%98%93.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail&_=20260626011042","localImage":"/tech-images/bamboo-and-wooden-slips.webp","year":-1200,"dateDetails":"The character 冊, a bundle of bound slips, appears in oracle-bone script, so the medium existed when Chinese writing was first recorded. No Shang slips survive, since bamboo rots. The earliest excavated examples are Warring States, from Chu tombs of the fourth century BC.","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-08-13"},{"id":"recl33Y6mAkTNc8yg","title":"Concrete","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Megaron_of_Tiryns_05.jpg/1920px-Megaron_of_Tiryns_05.jpg?_=20180511160410","localImage":"/tech-images/concrete.webp","year":-1300,"dateDetails":"Concrete floors were found in the royal palace of Tiryns, Greece, which dates roughly to 1400-1200 BC.","type":"Material","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recr7x7HxZqzFXOzA","title":"Corbel arch bridge","subtitle":"Arkadiko Bridge","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Arkadiko_Mycenaean_Bridge_II.JPG/2880px-Arkadiko_Mycenaean_Bridge_II.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/corbel-arch-bridge.webp","year":-1300,"dateDetails":"Late Helladic period (III) (ca. 1300–1190 BC)","type":"Technique","fields":["Transportation","Construction"],"subfields":["Bridges"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkadiko_Bridge","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reczsBXcQaR3YDrO3","title":"Vitreous enamel","subtitle":"aka Porcelain enamel","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Staffordshire_Moorlands_Pan_%281284837406%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/vitreous-enamel.webp","year":-1300,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest undisputed objects known to use enamel are a group of Mycenaean rings from Cyprus, dated to the 13th century BC\"","type":"Material","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Cyprus","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitreous_enamel","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-10"},{"id":"recp9fHXVktP5k9Mi","title":"Phoenician joint","subtitle":"Uluburun ship","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mazarron_I_%28cropped%29.jpg/250px-Mazarron_I_%28cropped%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/phoenician-joint.webp","year":-1320,"dateDetails":"date of the Uluburun ship ± 50 years","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing","Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Phoenicia","countryModern":"Lebanon","formattedLocation":"Phoenicia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_joint","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recbUyUyTAauPchVq","title":"Pigeon post","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Junge_Frau_mit_Taubenpost.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/pigeon-post.webp","year":-1350,"dateDetails":"\"Homing pigeons were potentially being used for pigeon post in Ancient Egypt by 1350 BCE.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_post","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rectKWhYnKPWvNMOe","title":"Seed drill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/7263_Canterbury_Agricultural_College_farm.jpg/250px-7263_Canterbury_Agricultural_College_farm.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/seed-drill.webp","year":-1400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesopotamia","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Ancient Mesopotamia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_drill","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMCtfgHY09wqvau","title":"Wax tablet","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Table_with_was_and_stylus_Roman_times.jpg/250px-Table_with_was_and_stylus_Roman_times.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/wax-tablet.webp","year":-1400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Anatolia","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Ancient Anatolia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_tablet","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recqNhPtOWQJvEvgg","title":"Musical notation","subtitle":"Hymn to Nikkal","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Hurritische_hymne.gif","localImage":"/tech-images/musical-notation.webp","year":-1400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Standard","fields":["Music"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Ugarit","countryHistorical":"Ancient Levant","countryModern":"Syria","formattedLocation":"Ugarit, Ancient Levant","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_notation","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec6uXdvwHqQPOO9T","title":"Scale armor","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Dacian_Scale_Armour.JPG/362px-Dacian_Scale_Armour.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/scale-armour.webp","year":-1420,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest representation is the tomb of Kenamon, who lived in Egypt in the reign of Amenhotep II (1436–1411 BC).\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_armour","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recabiZ5PahNLjCxH","title":"Pewter","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Pewterplate_exb.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/pewter.webp","year":-1450,"dateDetails":"Earliest known object made of pewter, but pewter was probably used much earlier","type":"Material","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":["Alloys"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pewter","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-09"},{"id":"reclNwf5dM512U7zy","title":"Varnish","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Egypt%2C_Third_Intermediate_Period%2C_late_Dynasty_21_%281069-945_BC%29_or_early_Dy_-_Son_of_Horus-_Imsety_-_1914.695_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif/lossy-page1-1280px-Egypt%2C_Third_Intermediate_Period%2C_late_Dynasty_21_%281069-945_BC%29_or_early_Dy_-_Son_of_Horus-_Imsety_-_1914.695_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Art.tif.jpg?_=20190311212622","localImage":"/tech-images/varnish.webp","year":-1480,"dateDetails":"Resin had long been smeared on objects, but true varnish — tree resin carried in a drying oil so it can be brushed on as a thin coat that hardens into a clear protective film — is first securely identified on the coffins and painted tomb chapels of Egypt's Eighteenth Dynasty, from about 1480 BC. Chemical analysis of these coatings shows Pistacia resin blended with a drying oil\n\nResin had long been smeared on objects, but the earliest true varnish — a resin brushed on as a thin transparent film to protect and enrich a decorated surface — is securely identified on Egyptian tomb chapels and coffins from about 1480 BC, beginning in Hatshepsut's reign. Chemical analysis across dozens of chapels shows a heated Pistacia resin coating, often blended with beeswax, laid over painted scenes","type":"Material","fields":["Manufacturing","Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Louxor","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Louxor, Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnish","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 15%","dateAdded":"2026-08-02"},{"id":"recOx2UaNqZ45Koxh","title":"Sundial","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ancient-egyptian-sundial.jpg/200px-Ancient-egyptian-sundial.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/sundial.webp","year":-1500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":["The Sun"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt, Ancient Mesopotamia","countryModern":"Egypt, Iraq","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt; Ancient Mesopotamia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_sundials","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec7MQIC01ImkR5bn","title":"Spring scissors","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Shears_MET_29I_E08R4.jpg/1280px-Shears_MET_29I_E08R4.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/spring-scissors.webp","year":-1500,"dateDetails":"Unclear; many online sources say 1500 BC in Egypt but, but difficult to know what to trust. Some also say 2000 BC in Mesopotamia.","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt, Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Egypt, Iraq","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt; Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissors","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2prJ3LkNcZw4Zq","title":"Nixtamalization","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hominy_%28maize%29.JPG/320px-Hominy_%28maize%29.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/nixtamalization.webp","year":-1500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico, Guatemala","formattedLocation":"Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nixtamalization","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recEGivEf0kCwZVbZ","title":"Mercury","subtitle":"aka Quicksilver","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Mercure_natif_3%28Espagne%29.jpg/1599px-Mercure_natif_3%28Espagne%29.jpg?20130127081055","localImage":"/tech-images/mercury.webp","year":-1500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Cinnabar","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recJjICz9OW5Tymg3","title":"Outrigger boat","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Choris_1822_gri_33125010887327_0348.jpg/1600px-Choris_1822_gri_33125010887327_0348.jpg?20230703163702","localImage":"/tech-images/outrigger-boat.webp","year":-1500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","countryModern":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrigger_boat","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recoCUFX4gCDAMe2i","title":"Siphon","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Physagorian_Pythagoras_Greedy_Tantalus_cup.svg/640px-Physagorian_Pythagoras_Greedy_Tantalus_cup.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/siphon.webp","year":-1500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siphon","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recqMfalHRhcohMnR","title":"Domestication of coconuts","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Cocos_nucifera_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-187.jpg/1280px-Cocos_nucifera_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-187.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/domestication-of-coconuts.webp","year":-1500,"dateDetails":"sometime during the Austronesian expansion (3000 to 1500 BCE)","type":"Domestication","fields":["Agriculture","Food","Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Asia, Ancient Oceania","countryModern":"unknown","formattedLocation":"Ancient Asia; Ancient Oceania","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut#Domestication","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Wild coconut palm (Cocos nucifera)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-04"},{"id":"rectSPZ707xKpC5JI","title":"Smalt","subtitle":"aka Cobalt glass","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Egyptian_-_%22Malqata_Kateriskos%22_Vessel_-_Walters_4732_-_Profile.jpg/960px-Egyptian_-_%22Malqata_Kateriskos%22_Vessel_-_Walters_4732_-_Profile.jpg?20120322105958","localImage":"/tech-images/cobalt-glass-pigment.webp","year":-1500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Blue","Pigments","Glass"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_glass","details":"Glass colored with cobalt oxide is called \"smalt\" when ground into a pigment","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-17"},{"id":"reczAVvjL67eXx8Vr","title":"Rose madder","subtitle":"aka Alizarin","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Alizarin-sample.jpg?_=20070516164102","localImage":"/tech-images/rose-madder.webp","year":-1500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Textiles","Visual media"],"subfields":["Pigments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_madder","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Common madder (Rubia tinctorum)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-21"},{"id":"recG7OGNlJzF7gUEx","title":"Niello","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Hunting_Mycenaean_Dagger.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/niello.webp","year":-1550,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Visual media","Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Mycenae","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Mycenae, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niello","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-17"},{"id":"receVuMYsANawp66Z","title":"Water clock","subtitle":"aka Clepsydra","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/AGMA_Clepsydre.jpg/200px-AGMA_Clepsydre.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/water-clock.webp","year":-1600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Amenemhet"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_clock","details":"May need to split this entry into various regional water clocks. This entry currently reflects Egyptian clocks.","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recA6Peu0ZRy5euO2","title":"Rubber","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mesoamerica_-_manopla_and_ball.jpg/250px-Mesoamerica_-_manopla_and_ball.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/rubber.webp","year":-1600,"dateDetails":"or earlier","type":"Material","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Olmec civilization, Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Olmec civilization; Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_rubber_balls","details":"first evidence is in Mesoamerican game balls","naturalOrigin":"Rubber tree latex (Castilla elastica)","imagePosition":"bottom right","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rectZoJd9vYpg6YWH","title":"Glass","subtitle":"Cast glass","tier":"S","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/MRAH_Verre_03_Baguettes_Egypte_20_12_2011.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/glass.webp","year":-1600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt, Ancient Mesopotamia","countryModern":"Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt; Ancient Mesopotamia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_glass","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Quartz (silicon dioxide)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reccmy73re5gS25fn","title":"Star chart","subtitle":"Nebra sky disc","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nebra_disc_1.jpg/296px-Nebra_disc_1.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/star-chart.webp","year":-1600,"dateDetails":"earlier findings (up to 33,000 BC) have been interpreted as representing stars, but the Nebra sky disc is the earliest concrete depiction of the night sky. Star charts also appear in the 1500s BC in Egypt","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_chart","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recbPJEk2UMW6UEdj","title":"Stoneware","subtitle":"aka Proto-porcelain","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Vessel_%28gui%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/stoneware.webp","year":-1600,"dateDetails":"A recent paper (2024) suggests stoneware may have appeared in late Neolithic southeastern China c. 3000 BCE, but the well-replicated tradition of high-fired wares (proto-porcelain) is still generally dated to the Shang dynasty.","type":"Material","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoneware","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-06"},{"id":"recbVAfpHTjYQbDJF","title":"Engineered roadbed","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Knossos_voie_royale.JPG/1280px-Knossos_voie_royale.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/engineered-roadbed.webp","year":-1600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Knossos","countryHistorical":"Minoan civilization","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Knossos, Minoan civilization","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_road_transport","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":"2026-06-29"},{"id":"recPHF4PGngFyr1fJ","title":"Planetary theory","subtitle":"Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Venus_Tablet_of_Ammisaduqa.jpg/440px-Venus_Tablet_of_Ammisaduqa.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/planetary-theory.webp","year":-1630,"dateDetails":"\"The Babylonians were the first civilization known to possess a functional theory of the planets\". The earliest known text must have been compiled during the reign of Ammisaduqa, in the mid-17th century BCE","type":"Theory","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Babylon","countryHistorical":"Old Babylonian Empire","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Babylon, Old Babylonian Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_tablet_of_Ammisaduqa","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recusV3mvSAl3xygY","title":"Fresco","subtitle":"aka Buon fresco","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Fresco_of_a_fisherman%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg/1280px-Fresco_of_a_fisherman%2C_Akrotiri%2C_Greece.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fresco.webp","year":-1650,"dateDetails":"Earliest preserved frescoes were conserved by the Minoan eruption (circa 1600 BC)","type":"Technique","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Paint"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Minoan civilization","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Minoan civilization","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 15%","dateAdded":"2026-04-22"},{"id":"rec0wV8gsvIWzgd8r","title":"Tempera","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Hunter_and_stag_wall_fresco_fragment.jpg/1920px-Hunter_and_stag_wall_fresco_fragment.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/tempera.webp","year":-1750,"dateDetails":"Tempera technique with egg binder first chemically identified at Tel Kabri (~1750 BCE); image shows a later Mycenaean deployment of the same egg-binder wall painting tradition at the Palace of Nestor, Pylos (~1300 BCE)","type":"Material","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Paint"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Levant","countryModern":"Israel","formattedLocation":"Ancient Levant","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempera","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-22"},{"id":"recQzBQuzcYl4sYwv","title":"Shaduf","subtitle":"aka Shadoof","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Ipuy_shaduf.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/shaduf.webp","year":-1800,"dateDetails":"The counterweighted water-lift is often dated to 2300 or 2200 BC on the strength of an Akkadian cylinder seal, but Nenci judges that reading strained, and it descends from a survey published in 1910. Cuneiform texts of the Old Babylonian period do attest the device around 1800 BC. The first unambiguous pictures come much later, in Ramesside tombs at Thebes, and the familiar fixed-pivot form later still, under Sennacherib.","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture","Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesopotamia","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Ancient Mesopotamia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadoof","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recOZsuKjJVH6BhfL","title":"Pythagorean theorem","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Plimpton_322.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/pythagorean-theorem.webp","year":-1800,"dateDetails":"Clear knowledge of Pythagorean triplets is found in Egyptian and Babylonian documents from 1800 BCE, long before Pythagoras was born","type":"Discovery","fields":["Mathematics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Old Babylonian Empire, Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Iraq, Egypt","formattedLocation":"Old Babylonian Empire; Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recvxWJNEhj9uuFsu","title":"Depth sounding","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Olaus_Magnus_-_On_the_Vast_Depths_of_the_Norwegian_Coasts.jpg/960px-Olaus_Magnus_-_On_the_Vast_Depths_of_the_Norwegian_Coasts.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/depth-sounding.webp","year":-1800,"dateDetails":"ancient, described in the New Testament and found in Greco-Roman archeology","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement","Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_sounding","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-12"},{"id":"recyAFxDAEWay2gsG","title":"Zither","subtitle":"Qanun","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Ralamb-89.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/zither.webp","year":-1800,"dateDetails":"\"The qanun traces one of its origins to a stringed Assyrian instrument from the Old Assyrian Empire, specifically from the nineteenth century BC in Mesopotamia.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Assyria","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Assyria","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanun_(instrument)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":"2025-09-03"},{"id":"recwRwY7F5EZauTAp","title":"Abjad","subtitle":"Proto-Sinaitic script","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a9/Ba%60alat.jpg/250px-Ba%60alat.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/abjad.webp","year":-1850,"dateDetails":"The principal debate is between an early date, around 1850 BC, and a late date, around 1550 BC","type":"Standard","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recOQKzD9BOD9hJMH","title":"Chariot","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/A_vase_discovered_in_the_southeast_of_Iran_dating_back_to_2000_BC.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/chariot.webp","year":-1900,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation","Weaponry"],"subfields":["Horses"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Sintashta culture","countryModern":"Russia","formattedLocation":"Sintashta culture","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariot","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec66seTd3sA9Pnqe","title":"Pulley","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Fotothek_df_tg_0006393_Mechanik_%5E_Flaschenzug.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled&_=20090410113004","localImage":"/tech-images/pulley.webp","year":-1900,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest evidence of pulleys dates back to Ancient Egypt in the Twelfth Dynasty (1991–1802 BC) and Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC.\"\n\nArnold's survey of Egyptian stone masonry places the earliest pulleys in the Twelfth Dynasty, though he judges they redirected the line of pull rather than multiplying force. The dynasty runs roughly 1991 to 1802 BC. Mesopotamian evidence for hoisting water follows around 1500 BC, and the compound pulley waits for Archimedes.","type":"Tool","fields":["Construction","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 35%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recKKhkT4pNwsLLDY","title":"Fishing rod","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%2C_le_2026-08-07_%C3%A0_14.47.47.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled&_=20260807185039","localImage":"/tech-images/fishing-rod.webp","year":-1900,"dateDetails":"Old Kingdom Egyptian tomb scenes show line fishing without a rod: the angler sits in a small boat and feels for the bite on an extended index finger. The rod appears in Middle Kingdom paintings at Beni Hasan, where two men fish from the bank and one holds his line on a pole. Daumas catalogued the earlier scenes and found no rod among any of them, which makes the Beni Hasan arrangement a real transition rather than an artistic accident.","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":["Fishing"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_rod","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-08-07"},{"id":"rec1rtwSohlYvlJyj","title":"Bloomery and wrought iron","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Iron_bloom.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/bloomery-and-wrought-iron.webp","year":-2000,"dateDetails":"Iron objects survive from much earlier, but analysis of the Bronze Age examples — including the Alaca Höyük dagger long cited as early smelted iron — shows nickel levels marking them as meteoric. The earliest finds identifiable as smelted from terrestrial ore come from Kaman-Kalehöyük in central Anatolia, in layers of roughly 2100–1400 BC, where carbon content rules out a meteoric source. 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No hull of this age survives, so the date rests on reconstruction rather than excavation. Pacific colonisation begins roughly 500 years later, already using the form.","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","countryModern":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catamaran","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recC7NHndvWaAm6ab","title":"Lashed-lug boat building","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Lashed-lug_planking_in_the_Butuan_balangay_boat_Two_%28Clark%2C_Green%2C_Vosmer%2C_%26_Santiago%2C_1993%29.png","localImage":"/tech-images/lashed-lug-boat-building.webp","year":-2000,"dateDetails":"Comparative reconstruction places lashed-lug construction in the Austronesian technological package by about 2000 BC. 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A minority critique argues the residue reflects grain grinding for food rather than brewing, but the beer reading is the majority view. Later chemically-confirmed instances include Jiahu, China (~7000 BC, rice/honey/fruit) and Godin Tepe (~3400 BC, barley beer).","type":"Technique","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Israel","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recAD85mQgGNvSBIK","title":"Dental filling","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Inlay_on_model.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/dental-filling.webp","year":-11000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Dentistry"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_restoration","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recfSaaRcCzVwvAdJ","title":"Malting","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/2025-04-26_Brauereifest_Rheinfelden_AG_043.jpg/1920px-2025-04-26_Brauereifest_Rheinfelden_AG_043.jpg?_=20250429110820","localImage":"/tech-images/malting.webp","year":-11000,"dateDetails":"Malting is controlled germination of grain then drying to develop and preserve fermentable sugars. Originates with wild cereals (likely barley) in the Natufian era; the same Raqefet Cave evidence that attests early fermentation attests malting, so the two share the date","type":"Technique","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malting","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Wild barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-04"},{"id":"recLqiYhCGBd0Uoc4","title":"Bread","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Israel_Museum_Stone_Age_Artifact.jpg/2560px-Israel_Museum_Stone_Age_Artifact.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/bread.webp","year":-12500,"dateDetails":"Made by hunter-gatherers in Jordan from wild wheat and barley: \"The oldest evidence of bread-making has been found in a 14,500-year-old Natufian site in Jordan's northeastern desert.\"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Jordan","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_bread","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Wild cereal grains","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-16"},{"id":"recO8jORzXfbsF3F8","title":"Musical bow","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/MusicalBow.gif/200px-MusicalBow.gif","localImage":"/tech-images/musical-bow.webp","year":-13000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_bow","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTayTGYv4MHatbF","title":"Oil lamp","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Lampe_a_graisse_-_Lascaux.png/320px-Lampe_a_graisse_-_Lascaux.png","localImage":"/tech-images/oil-lamp.webp","year":-15000,"dateDetails":"\"Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France, dating to about 15,000 years ago.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Lighting"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Lascaux","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Lascaux, Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_lamp","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Animal fat","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec4IbJBKGrkvq7SV","title":"Geometric microlith","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/DUR-76BD01_%2C_Microburin_%28FindID_732545%29.jpg/960px-DUR-76BD01_%2C_Microburin_%28FindID_732545%29.jpg?_=20190222234155","localImage":"/tech-images/geometric-microlith.webp","year":-15000,"dateDetails":"Geometric backed microliths (microburin technique) appear in the Magdalenian; flourish in the Mesolithic. Earlier Howiesons Poort backed segments are an excluded dead-end","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microlith","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-06-19"},{"id":"recTro14EKW1473QL","title":"Pottery","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Pottery_bowl%2C_7100-5800_BCE%2C_from_Jarmo%2C_Sulaymaniyah%2C_Iraq._Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg/2560px-Pottery_bowl%2C_7100-5800_BCE%2C_from_Jarmo%2C_Sulaymaniyah%2C_Iraq._Sulaymaniyah_Museum%2C_Iraqi_Kurdistan.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/pottery.webp","year":-16000,"dateDetails":"Follows Yuchanyan Cave, Hunan, where Boaretto et al. (PNAS, 2009) dated charcoal and bone collagen directly associated with the sherds to c. 18,010 cal BP. An earlier claim of 20,000–19,000 cal BP from Xianrendong Cave (Wu et al., Science, 2012) is controversial: the samples behind it came from sections that yielded no pottery, and the profile shows repeated age-depth reversals, so Kuzmin (2015) reads Xianrendong as c. 14,600 cal BP instead. Cohen (2013, 2016) defends the earlier dating and the dispute is unresolved, so this date is the conservative floor that both readings can accept.\n\n","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Daoxian, Hunan","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Daoxian, Hunan, Prehistoric Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery#Early_pottery","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"","independentInnovations":[{"id":"rec1FLkrkyzfRPN2q","year":-14750,"city":"Odai Yamamoto 1","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"Japan","formattedLocation":"Odai Yamamoto 1, Prehistoric Asia","inventors":[],"organizations":[],"details":"Pottery of the earliest Jōmon phase, from Odai Yamamoto 1 in northern Honshu. Reviewing the radiocarbon evidence across East Asia, Kuzmin (Documenta Praehistorica, 2015) concludes that potting began in the Japanese islands separately from the Chinese mainland, with no sign of the craft spreading from one to the other.","detailsSource":"Kuzmin 2017, Quaternary International","dateAdded":"2026-08-11"},{"id":"rec8LEzd6FDdFLLak","year":-14000,"city":"Gasya,Khummi","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"Russia","formattedLocation":"Gasya, Khummi, Prehistoric Asia","inventors":[],"organizations":[],"details":"Pottery from sites in the lower Amur basin, chiefly Gasya and Khummi. Kuzmin (Documenta Praehistorica, 2015) finds the dates here form their own early cluster and reads potting in the region as a separate start rather than a technique carried in from outside.","detailsSource":"Kuzmin 2017, Quaternary International","dateAdded":"2026-08-11"},{"id":"recTxAnyDTzovVMSn","year":-9400,"city":"Ounjougou","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"Mali","formattedLocation":"Ounjougou, Prehistoric Africa","inventors":[],"organizations":[],"details":"Potsherds found alongside stone tools at Ounjougou in central Mali, dated to before 9400 BCE by Huysecom and colleagues (Antiquity, 2009). The find falls in the warm, wet phase that made the Sahara habitable, and the excavators read it as a local invention tied to cooking wild grains.","detailsSource":"Huysecom et al. 2009, Antiquity 83(322):905–917","dateAdded":"2026-08-11"},{"id":"recEJVFefX7hUjXDk","year":-9000,"city":"Nabta Playa","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Nabta Playa, Prehistoric Africa","inventors":[],"organizations":[],"details":"Pottery from Nabta Playa and Bir Kiseiba in Egypt's Western Desert, made during the wet phase that greened the Sahara in the early Holocene. Excavators describe these wares as unlike those of any neighbouring region, which points to a local start rather than an imported method. Published dates for the group run from about 10,000 to 9,000 BCE; the later bound is taken here.","detailsSource":"Nabta Playa pottery literature","dateAdded":"2026-08-11"},{"id":"rec9wjU4mSsmJDuYv","year":-4800,"city":"San Jacinto 1","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric America","countryModern":"Colombia","formattedLocation":"San Jacinto 1, Prehistoric America","inventors":[],"organizations":[],"details":"Pottery made by mobile hunter-gatherers at San Jacinto 1 on the northern savanna of Colombia, where Oyuela-Caycedo and Bonzani (2005) report a run of dates starting near 4800 BCE. The vessels were used to cook gathered plants, and the dated material comes from the same deposits as the sherds.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-11"}]},{"id":"recqevFCjGiH19yFs","title":"Bullroarer","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Bull_roarers.jpg/250px-Bull_roarers.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/bullroarer.webp","year":-18000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication","Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Ukraine","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullroarer","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recNancMHt5WjT9Fa","title":"Spear-thrower","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Nativo_do_Novo_Mundo_lan%C3%A7ando_flecha_com_o_propulsor_ou_est%C3%B3lica.jpg/200px-Nativo_do_Novo_Mundo_lan%C3%A7ando_flecha_com_o_propulsor_ou_est%C3%B3lica.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/spear-thrower.webp","year":-20000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool,Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spear-thrower","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxYaebHvkwV82vU","title":"Travois","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Blackfoot_travois_1.jpg?20120819170910","localImage":"/tech-images/travois.webp","year":-20000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric America","countryModern":"USA","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric America","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travois","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recVi8C1yFWj265Fk","title":"Fish hook","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Hook_%28AM_1939.232-7%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fish-hook.webp","year":-22380,"dateDetails":"The oldest fish hooks (made from sea snail shells) were discovered in Sakitari Cave in Okinawa Island ","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"Japan","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_hook","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Sea snail shells","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recoGnHzbJMyuV7vP","title":"Domestication of the dog","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Fondazione_Passar%C3%A9_V31_189.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/domestication-of-the-dog.webp","year":-23000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Domestication","fields":["Misc"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"Russia","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Gray wolf (Canis lupus)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2aqvldP7XgZvV4","title":"Ceramic","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Vestonicka_venuse_edit.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/ceramic.webp","year":-26000,"dateDetails":"Approximate date of the Venus of Dolní Věstonice and other Gravettian-era figurines, the oldest ceramic artifacts knowm","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Clay","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recJOy9KJJDqQOaCV","title":"Weaving and basketry","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Warp_and_weft_2.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/weaving.webp","year":-27000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Czechia","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recqcmIBac6NGXtZ7","title":"Fishing net","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/AntreaNet.jpg/440px-AntreaNet.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fishing-net.webp","year":-27000,"dateDetails":"First evidence of fishing nets, from Korea","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"South Korea","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_net","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recdgyig62c9ghMBa","title":"Hand drill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Annual_report_of_the_Board_of_Regents_of_the_Smithsonian_Institution_%281888%29_%2814740669956%29.jpg?_=20150920025232","localImage":"/tech-images/hand-drill.webp","year":-28000,"dateDetails":"Denisova Cave, Altai, Russia. Earliest currently identified technological evidence is a chloritolite bracelet fragment whose use-wear analysis was interpreted as showing high-speed drilling. Earlier perforated ornaments are known, but their holes do not securely demonstrate drilling","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"Russia","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_drill","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-29"},{"id":"recV08djToSDwKiq4","title":"Earth oven","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Chauffage_des_pierres_volcaniques.jpg/1599px-Chauffage_des_pierres_volcaniques.jpg?20150601032808","localImage":"/tech-images/earth-oven.webp","year":-29000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":["Fire"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_oven","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec5OoWycfAO3VHyY","title":"Charcoal","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Charcoal_8.jpg/250px-Charcoal_8.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/charcoal.webp","year":-30000,"dateDetails":"evidence of charcoal being used for drawing; use for burning may be much older","type":"Material","fields":["Energy","Visual media"],"subfields":["Pigments","Periodic table elements","Fuels"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East, Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"Iraq, Egypt","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Middle East; Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal","details":"First use of pure carbon","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recetsh0Cspkx6ehR","title":"Linen","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Linen_cloth.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/linen.webp","year":-34000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"Georgia","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Wild flax (Linum bienne)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recctTP693eOID2C9","title":"Flute","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Flauta_paleol%C3%ADtica.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/flute.webp","year":-35000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleolithic_flute","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recgVoHvrEE9gfxZy","title":"Mortar and pestle","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Stone_Age_Stone_Mortar_%26_Pestle%2C_Kebaran_culture%2C_22000-18000_BP.jpg/1920px-Stone_Age_Stone_Mortar_%26_Pestle%2C_Kebaran_culture%2C_22000-18000_BP.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/mortar-and-pestle.webp","year":-35000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec40cc2etqykMqAA","title":"Sewing needle","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Aiguille_os_246.1_Global.jpg/2880px-Aiguille_os_246.1_Global.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/sewing-needle.webp","year":-38000,"dateDetails":"From Denisova Cave, approximately 40,000 BP","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"South Africa","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing_needle#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recO2NBquszhIlaWB","title":"Beeswax","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Honey_comb.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/beeswax.webp","year":-38000,"dateDetails":"The oldest firmly dated piece of beeswax that people had gathered and worked is a lump found at Border Cave in South Africa, radiocarbon-dated to about forty thousand years ago, where it had been blended with plant resin into a sticky compound for fixing stone or bone points to handles","type":"Material","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"South Africa","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeswax","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-25"},{"id":"recfSrPN6DmrYkIKH","title":"Burin","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Burin_213_5_Global.jpg/1920px-Burin_213_5_Global.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/burin.webp","year":-40000,"dateDetails":"Burination becomes a systematic technique in the early Upper Paleolithic; sporadic Middle Paleolithic occurrences don't form a continuous lineage","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo sapiens"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":"2026-06-19"},{"id":"rec2kvoo0YuiKfXiL","title":"Tally stick","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Ishango_bone_%28cropped%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/tally-stick.webp","year":-42000,"dateDetails":"Date of the Lebombo bone, oldest possible tally stick, from Eswatini. Later discoveries date to -28000 (wolf bone in Czechia) and -20000 to -18000 (Ishango bone in Congo)","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo sapiens"],"organizations":[],"city":"Border Cave","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"Eswatini","formattedLocation":"Border Cave, Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tally_stick","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recRIkVzzYfK46Mp6","title":"Microblade","subtitle":"aka Laminar microlith","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Denbigh_microblades.jpg?_=20200227184250","localImage":"/tech-images/microblade.webp","year":-42000,"dateDetails":"Earliest systematic bladelet microliths, proto-Aurignacian Dufour bladelets","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo sapiens"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microblade_technology","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-19"},{"id":"rec1e5GH6Bc6e3THM","title":"Hafted axe","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Axe_%28AM_1918.69-3%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hafted-axe.webp","year":-43000,"dateDetails":"Two waisted stone artefacts from layer 4 at South Kov and one from layer 4 at Airstrip Mound in the Ivane Valley, Papua New Guinea, come from deposits dated earlier than 42,500 cal BP, with South Kov layer 4 bracketed at 45,540–42,760 cal BP. Waisting on a heavy blade serves only to seat a binding. The same form recurs at Bobongara on the Huon Peninsula below a tephra dated 38,000±600 by thermoluminescence, where the excavators argue for 40,000 or more.","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Vilakuav,South Kov,Airport Mound","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Oceania","countryModern":"Papua New Guinea","formattedLocation":"Vilakuav, South Kov, Airport Mound, Prehistoric Oceania","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axe","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recsYNuWw1KPvw0wC","title":"Ground stone tool","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/N%C3%A9olithique_0001.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/ground-stone.webp","year":-44000,"dateDetails":"A ground-edge axe fragment from Carpenter's Gap 1 in the Kimberley, Australia, comes from deposits dated 44,000 to 49,000 years ago, with the associated charcoal at 46,400 BP. Grinding is far older, but this is the first evidence of a tool deliberately shaped by grinding rather than worn smooth through use.","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo sapiens"],"organizations":[],"city":"Carpenter's Gap 1","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Australia","countryModern":"Australia","formattedLocation":"Carpenter's Gap 1, Prehistoric Australia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_stone","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recPsyr2eIXVnMhia","title":"Mining","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Roodepoort_Artisanal_Mine_Adit_3.jpg?20130920155915","localImage":"/tech-images/mining.webp","year":-47000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Mining"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo sapiens"],"organizations":[],"city":"Lion Cavern, Ngwenya","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"Eswatini","formattedLocation":"Lion Cavern, Ngwenya, Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining#Prehistory","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMCcI3J3s5oopdU","title":"Rope and twine","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Constriction_of_rope.png","localImage":"/tech-images/rope-and-twine.webp","year":-50000,"dateDetails":"Earliest possible evidence, attributed to Neanderthals","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing","Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo sapiens"],"organizations":[],"city":"Abri du Maras","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Abri du Maras, Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Natural fibers","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec8zaAnmPrKFSv6G","title":"Boomerang","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/%22Egyptian_boomerang%22_%283210654118%29.jpg/200px-%22Egyptian_boomerang%22_%283210654118%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/boomerang.webp","year":-50000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo sapiens"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Australia","countryModern":"Australia","formattedLocation":"Prehistoric Australia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomerang","details":"Specifically returning boomerangs. Also independently invented elsewhere (North America, Egypt, Europe)","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxchDBECMCCPdKK","title":"Tree resin","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/R%C3%A9sine.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/tree-resin.webp","year":-50000,"dateDetails":"Evidence of Neanderthal use of tree resin for hafting between 55,000 and 40,000 years ago","type":"Consumable","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Naval stores"],"inventors":["Homo sapiens"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Pine (Pinus)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-05"},{"id":"recRGT1Jqrs9QHzsP","title":"Blade","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lame_207.2_global_Horizontal.jpg/1920px-Lame_207.2_global_Horizontal.jpg?_=20110101114544","localImage":"/tech-images/blade.webp","year":-50000,"dateDetails":"Earliest systematic volumetric blade production in the surviving lineage, Initial Upper Paleolithic (Boker Tachtit, Levant); earlier blade episodes (Howiesons Poort) were descendant-less","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo sapiens"],"organizations":[],"city":"Boker Tachtit","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Israel","formattedLocation":"Boker Tachtit, Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithic_blade","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-19"},{"id":"recP5duPnB6m03TIy","title":"Raft","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Flo%C3%9F.jpg?_=20161213194317","localImage":"/tech-images/raft.webp","year":-63000,"dateDetails":"Earliest estimated date of settlement of Australia, for which rafts would have been necessary","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo sapiens"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raft","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recYYdRfQNKCoUkGn","title":"Cave painting","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Lubang_Jeriji_Sal%C3%A9h_cave_painting_of_Bull.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cave-painting.webp","year":-65000,"dateDetails":"\"The oldest known cave painting is from Liang Metanduno on Muna Island, a handprint dated at least 67,800 years old.\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Paint"],"inventors":["Homo sapiens"],"organizations":[],"city":"Liang Metanduno","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Asia","countryModern":"Indonesia","formattedLocation":"Liang Metanduno, Prehistoric Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDrAsCiY1XNX6qL","title":"Bitumen","subtitle":"aka Asphalt","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Bitumen.jpg/500px-Bitumen.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/bitumen.webp","year":-69000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo neanderthalensis"],"organizations":[],"city":"Umm el Tlel","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Syria","formattedLocation":"Umm el Tlel, Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Natural bitumen seeps","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recpxmQ26z9EnDs8D","title":"Bow and arrow","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Morella_%28combate-de-arquero.png","localImage":"/tech-images/bow-and-arrow.webp","year":-70000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo sapiens"],"organizations":[],"city":"Pinnacle Point","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"South Africa","formattedLocation":"Pinnacle Point, Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_archery#Prehistory","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recXccaftzMDHcKzv","title":"Stitching awl","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Os_Tart%C3%A9_MHNT_PRE.2009.0.248.2_Noir.jpg/960px-Os_Tart%C3%A9_MHNT_PRE.2009.0.248.2_Noir.jpg?20101020165252","localImage":"/tech-images/stitching-awl.webp","year":-73000,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest bone awls are found in southern Africa, at Blombos Cave approximately 73,000 to 70,000 years ago\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo sapiens"],"organizations":[],"city":"Blombos Cave","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"South Africa","formattedLocation":"Blombos Cave, Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stitching_awl","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-02-01"},{"id":"recRmIDAhu2IPRBVa","title":"Pressure flaking","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Solutrean_tools_22000_17000_Crot_du_Charnier_Solutre_Pouilly_Saone_et_Loire_France.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/pressure-flaking.webp","year":-73000,"dateDetails":"Earliest pressure-flaked points, Blombos, South Africa (75,000 BP); the Solutrean is its famous later expression","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo sapiens"],"organizations":[],"city":"Blombos Cave","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"South Africa","formattedLocation":"Blombos Cave, Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithic_reduction#Pressure_flaking","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":"2026-06-18"},{"id":"recnafA1GaEcFmgH8","title":"Harpoon","subtitle":"Semliki harpoon","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Harpon_2010.0.3.5._Global.JPG/1280px-Harpon_2010.0.3.5._Global.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/harpoon.webp","year":-88000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo sapiens"],"organizations":[],"city":"Katanda","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"DR Congo","formattedLocation":"Katanda, Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpoon","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recf2NACe4G1sfCtX","title":"Clothing","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Archeoparc_-_Museum_%C3%96tzi_Kleidung.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/clothing.webp","year":-100000,"dateDetails":"Clothing leaves no direct trace, so it's dated genetically: human clothing lice diverged from head lice, and the surviving clothing-louse clade expands with modern humans ~100 Ka, marking habitual clothing in the lineage that persisted. The widely-cited 170 Ka is the skewed median of a very wide estimate (29–691 Ka); the mode (~83 Ka) and the earlier independent estimate (~107 Ka) both cluster near 100 Ka. Archaic-hominin hide clothing was likely earlier but left no surviving louse lineage to sample.","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo sapiens"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxO4RnukGeIK3ce","title":"Paint","subtitle":"Blombos Cave paint workshop","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Claimed_Oldest_Known_Drawing_by_Human_Hands_Discovered_in_South_African_Cave.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/paint.webp","year":-100000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Paint"],"inventors":["Homo sapiens"],"organizations":[],"city":"Blombos Cave","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"South Africa","formattedLocation":"Blombos Cave, Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-22"},{"id":"rec72ica6yYGmrz6J","title":"Fat rendering","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Homelard.jpg?_=20070220192152","localImage":"/tech-images/fat-rendering.webp","year":-125000,"dateDetails":"Using animal fat is far older than humanity itself, but rendering it, i.e. heating fatty bone or tissue in water and skimming off the purified, storable fat that rises and sets, is a distinct processing step. The earliest firm evidence of it is a Neanderthal site at Neumark-Nord in Germany from about 125,000 years ago, where the bones of over 170 large animals were smashed and boiled specifically to extract grease","type":"Technique","fields":["Food","Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo neanderthalensis"],"organizations":[],"city":"Neumark-Nord","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Neumark-Nord, Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendering_(animal_products)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Animal fat","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-07-27"},{"id":"recws46CEeYYsC3dW","title":"Digging stick","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Nuba_farming_1.jpg?20061107125811","localImage":"/tech-images/digging-stick.webp","year":-170000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo neanderthalensis"],"organizations":[],"city":"Poggetti Vecchi","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Poggetti Vecchi, Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digging_stick","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Wood (tree branch)","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recbpIV7FL8fuPfTi","title":"Glue","subtitle":"Birch bark tar","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Vuurstenen_werktuig_met_berkenpek.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/glue.webp","year":-200000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Adhesives"],"inventors":["Homo neanderthalensis"],"organizations":[],"city":"Campitello Quarry","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Campitello Quarry, Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesive","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Birch bark","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recywQ7P6oYVkfTKx","title":"Throwing stick","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Sch%C3%B6ningen_wooden_artifacts_Lower_Palaeolithic.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/throwing-stick.webp","year":-200000,"dateDetails":"Seven double-pointed throwing sticks come from the Spear Horizon at Schöningen, redated in 2025 to about 200,000 years by amino acid geochronology supported by a reassessment of regional Middle Pleistocene chronostratigraphy","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo neanderthalensis"],"organizations":[],"city":"Schöningen","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Schöningen, Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throwing_stick","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"bottom right","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rectS3ywcKZiqjsbo","title":"Grinding stone","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/KingsTableland1.JPG?utm_source=en.wikipedia.org&utm_campaign=imageinfo&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled","localImage":"/tech-images/grinding-stone.webp","year":-270000,"dateDetails":"A quartzite cobble stained with red ochre from Twin Rivers Kopje, Zambia, is the earliest artefact identified as a pigment-grinding tool, from Lupemban deposits dated to around 270,000 years ago. Possible ochre-stained grindstones from the Kapthurin Formation in Kenya span 500,000 to 284,000 years, a range too loose to anchor. Worked ochre at Olorgesailie at 307,000 years carries grinding striations but preserves no grinding tool.","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo sapiens"],"organizations":[],"city":"Twin Rivers","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"Zambia","formattedLocation":"Twin Rivers, Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-09-12"},{"id":"recvLr1savc8OeaA8","title":"Spear","subtitle":"Clacton spear","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Clacton_Spear_02.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/spear.webp","year":-400000,"dateDetails":"The Clacton-on-Sea point, a yew shaft whittled to a tip and snapped off, comes from Marine Isotope Stage 11 deposits and remains the oldest worked wood found anywhere. Schöningen's complete spears were redated in 2025 to about 200,000 years. Wood survives so rarely that the real origin is older: hafted stone points at Kathu Pan 1 imply shafts by 500,000 years ago.","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo heidelbergensis"],"organizations":[],"city":"Clacton-on-Sea","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Clacton-on-Sea, Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spear#Origins","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recqFCOEldHsONT0y","title":"Pigments","subtitle":"Ochre","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Drei_verschiedene_Ockert%C3%B6ne.JPG/2880px-Drei_verschiedene_Ockert%C3%B6ne.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/pigments.webp","year":-400000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Pigments"],"inventors":["Homo heidelbergensis"],"organizations":[],"city":"Twin Rivers","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"Zambia","formattedLocation":"Twin Rivers, Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Iron-oxide earths","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recX8NqVNC9LgUiCz","title":"Prepared-core tool","subtitle":"aka Levallois technique","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pointe_levallois_Beuzeville_MHNT_PRE.2009.0.203.2.jpg/3840px-Pointe_levallois_Beuzeville_MHNT_PRE.2009.0.203.2.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/prepared-core-tool.webp","year":-400000,"dateDetails":"Earliest unambiguous Levallois flaking, Kapthurin Formation, Kenya, originating within a late Acheulean context; the Mousterian is its famous later expression","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo heidelbergensis"],"organizations":[],"city":"Kapthurin Formation","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"Kenya","formattedLocation":"Kapthurin Formation, Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepared-core_technique","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-06-19"},{"id":"recn6cZuYaiNjnHDV","title":"Rawhide","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Kalb_schwarzgefaerbt.jpg/1280px-Kalb_schwarzgefaerbt.jpg?_=20080118192845","localImage":"/tech-images/rawhide.webp","year":-400000,"dateDetails":"Earliest direct evidence of hide preparation: use-wear on scrapers at Hoxne, England (400,000 BP) shows skins being scraped into usable hide, corroborated at Qesem and Schöningen (300,000 BP)","type":"Material","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo heidelbergensis"],"organizations":[],"city":"Hoxne","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Hoxne, Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_hide_materials","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Animal hide","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2026-06-30"},{"id":"recj1FCSnQuq09htN","title":"Fire making","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/A_member_of_Palaw%E2%80%99an_tribe_in_Puerto_Princesa_12_10_01_262000.jpeg/1920px-A_member_of_Palaw%E2%80%99an_tribe_in_Puerto_Princesa_12_10_01_262000.jpeg?_=20251120041005","localImage":"/tech-images/fire-making.webp","year":-400000,"dateDetails":"The earliest evidence comes from Barnham in eastern England, where a patch of ground was heated repeatedly above 700°C in a single spot, the signature of a tended hearth rather than a wildfire, alongside heat-shattered handaxes and two fragments of iron pyrite. The pyrite is decisive: it occurs nowhere nearby, and a survey of over 120,000 stones from 26 regional sites turned up no other piece, so someone carried it there knowing it threw sparks against flint. The next evidence is far younger — Mousterian handaxes from France, around 50,000 years old, worn from striking pyrite — and that gap is the main reason for caution, though the researchers behind the French finding accept the earlier date.","type":"Technique","fields":["Energy","Lighting"],"subfields":["Fire"],"inventors":["Homo neanderthalensis"],"organizations":[],"city":"Barnham","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Europe","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Barnham, Prehistoric Europe","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_making","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Iron pyrite","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":"2026-07-28"},{"id":"recM6icilk7jgyiRK","title":"Hafting","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bulletin_of_the_Essex_Institute_%281869%29_%2820260542130%29.jpg/1511px-Bulletin_of_the_Essex_Institute_%281869%29_%2820260542130%29.jpg?20160423103101","localImage":"/tech-images/hafting.webp","year":-500000,"dateDetails":"Stone points from Kathu Pan 1 carry impact fractures and basal thinning matching experimentally hafted spear tips, in deposits dated to about 500,000 years ago by optically stimulated luminescence and U-series/ESR. Before this find the technique was placed near 300,000 years ago, where hafted tips become common.","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo heidelbergensis"],"organizations":[],"city":"Kathu Pan 1","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"South Africa","formattedLocation":"Kathu Pan 1, Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafting","details":"","naturalOrigin":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTFPmW1slTmnN2Q","title":"Limestone","subtitle":"aka Calcium carbonate","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Chalk_%28%22Upper_Chalk%22_Formation%2C_Upper_Cretaceous%3B_White_Cliffs_of_Dover%2C_England%2C_southern_Britain%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/limestone.webp","year":-790000,"dateDetails":"The earliest deliberate selection of limestone as a worked raw material is in the Gesher Benot Ya'aqov Acheulean site in Israel","type":"Material","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo erectus"],"organizations":[],"city":"Gesher Benot Ya'aqov","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Middle East","countryModern":"Israel","formattedLocation":"Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Prehistoric Middle East","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Limestone deposits","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2026-01-30"},{"id":"reco79eRwNfOB5XmL","title":"Control of fire","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Velasco_-_Scene_from_the_Quaternary_upper_Paleolithic_Period_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/control-of-fire.webp","year":-1000000,"dateDetails":"Earliest firm evidence of capturing and maintaining fire from Wonderwerk Cave in South Africa, where a layer roughly a million years old holds wood ash, burnt bone and sediment, and stone tools fractured by heat, deep enough inside the cave that a wildfire could not have reached them. Older claims from Koobi Fora and Swartkrans are open-air or disturbed deposits where natural fire cannot be ruled out. A 2026 study using a new bone-luminescence method found burning in a deeper layer at the same cave, potentially as early as 1.8 million years ago, but that layer is dated only to a wide interval and the earlier figure is inferred rather than measured.","type":"Technique","fields":["Energy","Lighting","Food"],"subfields":["Fire"],"inventors":["Homo erectus"],"organizations":[],"city":"Wonderwerk Cave","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"South Africa","formattedLocation":"Wonderwerk Cave, Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Wildfire","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTiDOA03u5BP3Pk","title":"Bone tool","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Os_%C3%A0_Impression_MHNT_PRE_2009.0.206.3_Noir.jpg/960px-Os_%C3%A0_Impression_MHNT_PRE_2009.0.206.3_Noir.jpg?20210515173653","localImage":"/tech-images/bone-tool.webp","year":-1500000,"dateDetails":"Oldest systematically shaped (knapped) bone tools, Olduvai Gorge","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Homo erectus"],"organizations":[],"city":"Olduvai Gorge","countryHistorical":"Prehistoric Africa","countryModern":"Tanzania","formattedLocation":"Olduvai Gorge, Prehistoric Africa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_tool#History","details":"","naturalOrigin":"Animal bone","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recNUmajHXKb2OLUp","title":"Obsidian tool","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lipari-Obsidienne_%285%29.jpg/250px-Lipari-Obsidienne_%285%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/obsidian-tool.webp","year":-1700000,"dateDetails":"Earliest systematic obsidian working, at Garba IVE–F, Melka Kunture, where Oldowan knappers turned Balchit obsidian into standardized small pointed tools with a structured reduction sequence. Obsidian appears earlier at Hadar A.L. 894 around 2.35 million years ago, but only as scattered pieces among mixed raw materials. 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Thomson noted that no depth-sounding apparatus was available on the ship to assist the operation.\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvite_sounding_machine","dateAdded":"2026-03-07"},{"source":"recvxWJNEhj9uuFsu","target":"recE3SPR3JDEXngc9","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-07-12"},{"source":"recE3SPR3JDEXngc9","target":"rec3vekdqVtja0xqm","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-07-12"},{"source":"rec2z2KgDNHw786x9","target":"recekPGjntkTcCTZb","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-07-13"},{"source":"recXsDdT9igBjB2Jn","target":"recU2uT1SUeLuO7X6","type":"Component","details":"\"Typical bombsights of the pre-war era worked on the \"vector bombsight\" principle introduced with the World War I Course Setting Bomb Sight. 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first gasoline pump was invented and sold by Sylvanus Bowser in Fort Wayne, Indiana, on September 5, 1885, pre-dating the automobile industry- It was commonly used to dispense the kerosene used in lamps and stoves.\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasoline_pump","dateAdded":"2025-07-17"},{"source":"recLSvA45qfaIYsoz","target":"recI0fQ68vGv37gtG","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Egyptian tumbler locks -> Roman Laconian locks -> the combination lock found in Athens","detailsSource":"https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/5321/","dateAdded":"2025-07-19"},{"source":"recLSvA45qfaIYsoz","target":"recjh8xPzRLBzebUf","type":"Link plausible but unclear","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-07-19"},{"source":"rec7Pa44vXrzaE5Np","target":"rechBqnRi9AMojstj","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Hertz's experimental spark-gap transmitters used Leyden jars as 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This headset had an active attenuation bandwidth of approximately 50–500 Hz, with a maximum attenuation of approximately 20 dB.[3] By the late 1980s the first commercially available active noise reduction headsets became available.\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_noise_control","dateAdded":"2025-08-13"},{"source":"rec3PSEBkYgpYUX1t","target":"recjikEi1oUSZ8qoE","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-08-14"},{"source":"recrUpdhKP2U1Ekti","target":"recjikEi1oUSZ8qoE","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-08-14"},{"source":"recMBT3EhAvIeFYPn","target":"recjikEi1oUSZ8qoE","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2025-08-14"},{"source":"recJa0LzXIbabDOOS","target":"recKvnhH0mYx20FR7","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The first bombs to be dropped from airplanes were grenades, starting in 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While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789, Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound (likely sodium diuranate) by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide.\"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-06"},{"source":"rec5CdYhF6BDPmxuR","target":"recAoyJ9vHaqXbtQi","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-06"},{"source":"recJf439thrOUrcY9","target":"recAoyJ9vHaqXbtQi","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-06"},{"source":"rec5CdYhF6BDPmxuR","target":"recLFLXiURkagts4H","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-06"},{"source":"rec5CdYhF6BDPmxuR","target":"recZ3YsJQZAOz2zmn","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-06"},{"source":"recLFLXiURkagts4H","target":"recZ3YsJQZAOz2zmn","type":"Speculative","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-06"},{"source":"recYWw9Ue3x3SjmJF","target":"recL3qp8CnzlcPXPq","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"Protactinium was first identified in 1913, when Kasimir Fajans and Oswald Helmuth Göhring encountered the isotope 234mPa during their studies of the decay chains of uranium-238\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protactinium","dateAdded":"2026-05-07"},{"source":"rec5eD8cw9fK8Pk8U","target":"recL3qp8CnzlcPXPq","type":"Response","details":"\"In 1871, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted the existence of an element between thorium and uranium,\" later identified as protactinium","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-07"},{"source":"rec5eD8cw9fK8Pk8U","target":"recNOCUftZvhXCoaa","type":"Response","details":"The gap in the periodic table inspired people to look for the element that became known as technetium","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-07"},{"source":"recPQsgOiSEK9gEEO","target":"recimKTGVY5uS0ti3","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-08"},{"source":"recdOyVMRZUpkaNHc","target":"recPQsgOiSEK9gEEO","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-08"},{"source":"recvZpydeURx1PEnz","target":"recPQsgOiSEK9gEEO","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-08"},{"source":"recQmRSU3eKdmMINo","target":"recPQsgOiSEK9gEEO","type":"Byproduct","details":"Monumental concrete domes in Roman architecture first appear for baths","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-08"},{"source":"recaa2xurbaoiHiJu","target":"recPbGkeSZ3KRsEtC","type":"Byproduct","details":"The first geodesic dome was built to house a planetarium projector in Jena","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-10"},{"source":"recPQsgOiSEK9gEEO","target":"recPbGkeSZ3KRsEtC","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-10"},{"source":"reci3Orwt76pK0PJb","target":"recDnupWxrhACmgSm","type":"Inspiration","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-11"},{"source":"rect0nuGIL4aGFGrM","target":"recqmwJU3JHvuvEnI","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-11"},{"source":"recqmwJU3JHvuvEnI","target":"recaa2xurbaoiHiJu","type":"Inspiration","details":"Orreries were common as astronomical models before modern planetariums","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-11"},{"source":"recDnupWxrhACmgSm","target":"recaa2xurbaoiHiJu","type":"Inspiration","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-11"},{"source":"recvvlPekZIYbZxUb","target":"recaa2xurbaoiHiJu","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-11"},{"source":"recqmwJU3JHvuvEnI","target":"recg2ttKneB0Fs61U","type":"Concurrent development","details":"The balance wheel was possibly first developed as part of the astrarium by Giovanni Dondi dall'Orologio, and its first documentation is in a 1364 work by him","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-11"},{"source":"recSyX0sYdwzSrj7H","target":"rechaz0y39GmO0z7Z","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-11"},{"source":"recu0KE7gkbb1dI6z","target":"recaa2xurbaoiHiJu","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-11"},{"source":"recvvlPekZIYbZxUb","target":"rechaz0y39GmO0z7Z","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-11"},{"source":"recjSiZz8c4kPPvE9","target":"rechaz0y39GmO0z7Z","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-11"},{"source":"recGitia1RCUEqRfs","target":"recBLBVrPAjZDUghk","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"The apparatus was continuously improved. In particular, an ingenious pump, based on a Sprengel pump, which Norman Collie had designed, was fitted so that the nitrogen could be continuously recirculated over the magnesium. It was this apparatus which Ramsay used when he demonstrated the isolation of about 70 mL of argon to his class on 17 November.\"","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-12"},{"source":"recEGivEf0kCwZVbZ","target":"recGitia1RCUEqRfs","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-12"},{"source":"recPKJHmIdosqqsMq","target":"recu0KE7gkbb1dI6z","type":"Byproduct","details":"Huygens was grinding lenses for refracting telescopes; it seems likely he then applied those lenses to his magic lantern","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-12"},{"source":"rectDXT3pT5nbsMtx","target":"recHlbRdHDNq0Y9MB","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-12"},{"source":"recAp38V2AsY8j8tq","target":"recHlbRdHDNq0Y9MB","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-12"},{"source":"recFDH9Bm4sTWNJqa","target":"recHlbRdHDNq0Y9MB","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Compatible color was a layer added on top of the existing 525-line NTSC monochrome broadcast standard","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-05-12"},{"source":"rec5eD8cw9fK8Pk8U","target":"recBLBVrPAjZDUghk","type":"Inspiration","details":"\"Ramsay had written to Rayleigh on 24 May 1894: 'Has it occurred to you that there is room for gaseous elements at the end of the periodic table?'\"","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-13"},{"source":"rec0XKGiMl3E3IdEb","target":"recBLBVrPAjZDUghk","type":"Inspiration","details":"\"Argon was first isolated from air in 1894 by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay at University College London by removing oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and nitrogen from a sample of clean air\"","detailsSource":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argon","dateAdded":"2026-05-13"},{"source":"recc5dxLTMPhmE9nN","target":"recBLBVrPAjZDUghk","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"If a high potential is applied across the electrodes, the gas shows a discharge which can be broken up by a grating or prism into a line spectrum which is characteristic of the gas. Argon showed the spectrum which is illustrated in Figure 11, and is characterised by a strong blue line.\"","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-13"},{"source":"recEN6Zu49wOSBVPe","target":"recBLBVrPAjZDUghk","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"Ramsay characterised the gas by sealing it at reduced pressure in a tube fitted with a pair of electrodes, called a Plücker or Geissler tube.\"","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-13"},{"source":"recBLBVrPAjZDUghk","target":"reckGgTxwgBGddSaa","type":"Inspiration","details":"\"On the day after Ramsay's lecture (1 February 1895) Sir Henry Meirs, who was the chief mineralogist at the British Museum, wrote to Ramsay saying that an American geologist, Hillebrand, had reported that some uranite minerals, notably cleveite, gave off a gas when treated with acid or fused with sodium carbonate. Hillebrand thought that the gas was nitrogen, but Meirs and Ramsay thought it might be argon from some compound of argon in the mineral.\" Argon therefore inspired the investigation that led to isolating helium.","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-14"},{"source":"recdCNoPojWeKGo5V","target":"recGwqz1aZccAuW2E","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"Dr W. Hampson, working with the Brin Oxygen Company (which later became the British Oxygen Company) had built a liquid air machine early in 1898... 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It seemed that with He 4 (before lithium) and Ar 40 (before potassium), if these were the first and third members of a new Group, there should be an inert gas of the same family, with an atomic weight of about 20 (before sodium).\"","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-14"},{"source":"recc5dxLTMPhmE9nN","target":"recGwqz1aZccAuW2E","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"Ramsay and Travers transferred the most volatile fraction into a discharge tube; it gave a blaze of crimson light. They had separated neon from the impure argon.\"","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-14"},{"source":"recdCNoPojWeKGo5V","target":"recXVmhrpisNtc8ec","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"Hampson provided them with about three quarters of a litre of liquid air on 24 May 1898. On 31 May, the residue of 10 mL which had not boiled away was then purified from oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.\"","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-14"},{"source":"recBLBVrPAjZDUghk","target":"recXVmhrpisNtc8ec","type":"Byproduct","details":"\"The spectrum and density of the remaining 26.2 mL of gas showed the presence of argon but also a new gas, krypton, with a density of 40. 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That proof pushed power systems toward multiple phases, carried most directly by Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky, whose 1889 three-phase motor led into the first practical three-phase system at Lauffen–Frankfurt in 1891","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-07-22"},{"source":"recADXUknLo3AiZeM","target":"recwgkOqcVuLWs4KR","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-07-23"},{"source":"recneW4MXv13nsjCh","target":"recwgkOqcVuLWs4KR","type":"Component","details":"Lamm's contribution was turning the mercury-arc valve into a high-voltage grid-controlled rectifier (via field-grading electrodes) capable of AC↔DC conversion at transmission 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That shape cannot be flaked; the fuel reservoir had to be pecked out and abraded smooth, the same technique that produced grinding equipment","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-06"},{"source":"recDxCCwukLdVizjK","target":"rec4tIm2b1NbIU1an","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Extrusion is drawing, inverted, and borrows the die from drawn wire","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-06"},{"source":"rec4tIm2b1NbIU1an","target":"recsrziAxsCQh170z","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The Gutta Percha Company's extrusion press, built by Bewley and Hancock around 1845, is what made seamless continuous wire covering possible; before it, insulation was strips wrapped and seamed by hand, which leaked. 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Pierattini argues that shipwrights' familiarity with this rig gave builders the idea. Corinth led Mediterranean shipbuilding and also produced the first lifted temple blocks, which makes the transfer local rather than merely conceivable.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-09"},{"source":"rec1rtwSohlYvlJyj","target":"recmqvF5E1B4r5Hsb","type":"Prerequisite","details":"A crane grips stone through iron: tongs that bite the block's sides, and the lewis, a wedge-shaped key seated in a dovetailed slot cut into the top. 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This is why the surviving remains of these machines, from Ampurias, Ai Khanoum and Ephyra, consist almost entirely of their ironwork.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-09"},{"source":"recFmVxQ7swU36OwQ","target":"recXXlYOcFCIIrWmP","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-09"},{"source":"recXXlYOcFCIIrWmP","target":"recNlChMq26Pa7Jh5","type":"Improvement","details":"A ballista adds torsion springs as the energy store to the crossbow and oxybeles, whose stock, grooved slider carrying the bolt, claw and trigger, winch, and mounting all carry over. 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But Pictish carvings show hunters using one across those same centuries, the Romans had described the arcuballista, and the medieval word arbalest descends from that Latin name. The European weapon also locks with a rotating nut, matching neither the Chinese bronze trigger nor the Greek slider.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-09"},{"source":"recJ4LYBwFyWBRBq5","target":"reconRczJUh6aIdXk","type":"Component","details":"A prod bent to a thousand pounds and released must come back to shape every time, which plain iron will not do and quench-hardened steel alone will not survive. It has to be hardened and then drawn back to a spring temper. Contemporaries knew the limits: steel bows had a reputation for snapping in cold weather, and composite prods stayed in use alongside them for that reason","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-09"},{"source":"recddJdlUBXvpg2tw","target":"reconRczJUh6aIdXk","type":"Component","details":"Draw weights ran from seven hundred to fifteen hundred pounds, far beyond what a stirrup and belt hook could manage. Spanning meant a windlass cranked against the stock, or a cranequin geared to it","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-09"},{"source":"reconRczJUh6aIdXk","target":"recqV3gZhqtVz38n2","type":"Inspiration","details":"Early handguns were barrels on poles, aimed by eye and fired by touching a lit match to the hole. The arquebus instead set the barrel on a shouldered stock with a trigger beneath, which is the crossbow's tiller and lock rather than anything a gun had previously needed. The two weapons then shared armouries and comparable rates of fire for the better part of a century.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-09"},{"source":"reckirwWKVC2l4GGY","target":"recswz6Fh7RlUCOyq","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The ram is a valve device: a waste valve that slams shut when the flow through it gets fast enough, and a delivery check valve that opens under the resulting pressure surge and closes again as it decays","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-10"},{"source":"recMUmuzT5csjT2Uo","target":"recswz6Fh7RlUCOyq","type":"Byproduct","details":"Montgolfier made the hydraulic ram to raise water at his paper mill","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-10"},{"source":"recYi5GfhL5G386cR","target":"recvXObeHT3oFsUpy","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-10"},{"source":"recYi5GfhL5G386cR","target":"recI5iWm4anG34oix","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-10"},{"source":"rec66seTd3sA9Pnqe","target":"recI5iWm4anG34oix","type":"Component","details":"Tackle normally buys force at the cost of distance, several lengths of rope hauled in for one of lift. The jigger inverts it. Sheaves ride on the moving ram and are reeved against fixed ones on the frame, so a stroke of a few feet pays out many, spending the ram's abundant force to buy the travel a crane needs","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-10"},{"source":"recmqvF5E1B4r5Hsb","target":"recI5iWm4anG34oix","type":"Improvement","details":"Quayside cranes in the 1840s were worked by hand winches through gearing, taking several men and the better part of a minute for each lift. Armstrong's machine did the same work off the town water mains, faster and with one man at a valve","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-10"},{"source":"recI5iWm4anG34oix","target":"recjj1JDS3UhnVYDR","type":"Induced demand","details":"The first cranes drew on town water mains, which limited them to places a main reached at useful pressure. Armstrong's answer was a heavily weighted ram standing in a vertical cylinder, charged slowly by a small pump and discharged quickly on demand, so a crane could take a large flow the instant it was needed and the pump could be sized for the average rather than the peak","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-10"},{"source":"recMUmuzT5csjT2Uo","target":"recxer0btj5bT7vvy","type":"Improvement","details":"A water-powered mill pounded the rags but stopped there: every sheet was still lifted from the vat on a wire mould by hand, one at a time, by a vatman whose speed set the mill's. Robert's machine, and the Fourdrinier developed from it, poured the pulp onto an endless moving wire instead and produced a continuous web.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-10"},{"source":"recivVF3MN2dwomYH","target":"recMUmuzT5csjT2Uo","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-10"},{"source":"recfp6El4rdwLjxQA","target":"recMUmuzT5csjT2Uo","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Rag paper needed its fibres pounded to pulp, and the machine for pounding wet material in a trough already existed: the fulling stocks that thickened woollen cloth. Textiles were the mechanised industry of the medieval west, and the two trades shared water rights, rag supply and machinery closely enough that scholars have repeatedly mistaken fulling mills in the archives for paper mills.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-10"},{"source":"recMUmuzT5csjT2Uo","target":"reclesCUDh8mAxK6u","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Mills ran on linen and cotton rags, and rising paper consumption made rags scarce and dear through the eighteenth century. Grinding softwood against a wetted stone gave a fibre supply limited only by forests. The pulp was weaker and darkened with age, so it took hold first where that mattered least, in newsprint.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-10"},{"source":"recYNcjQrQwMTh1yc","target":"recfp6El4rdwLjxQA","type":"Component","details":"Fulling stocks are heavy timber hammers raised and dropped onto cloth in a water-filled trough, lifted by projections on a shaft the waterwheel turns. That is the same arrangement used to pound grain and forge iron, pointed at wool instead. What the mill changed was the labour: fulling had been done by men treading the cloth underfoot in the trough.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-10"},{"source":"recaaXoED9rdPYQg5","target":"recMUmuzT5csjT2Uo","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-10"},{"source":"recrNoAM2wb7MQT3n","target":"recYi5GfhL5G386cR","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Wilkinson's machine, built to bore cannon from the solid, was the first that could hold a large bore true end to end, and the capability was twenty years old and in general use by the time Bramah needed it","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-10"},{"source":"recSy580l6hDNx6jA","target":"recYi5GfhL5G386cR","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-10"},{"source":"reck45ASwGPu8CCej","target":"recYi5GfhL5G386cR","type":"Component","details":"Bramah's press leaked at every attempt until Maudslay, then his workman, formed a cup of leather set to face the pressure. Its lip is pushed outward against the bore by the fluid itself, so the seal tightens as the load rises rather than blowing past","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-10"},{"source":"recMCcI3J3s5oopdU","target":"recetsh0Cspkx6ehR","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The oldest surviving linen, the Dzudzuana fibres of some thirty thousand years ago, is twisted and dyed","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-11"},{"source":"recMCcI3J3s5oopdU","target":"recXb1OyBCV2ski3Z","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Fibre was twisted by hand for tens of thousands of years, between the fingers or rolled along the thigh. 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Yashuv and Grosman (2024) place it as the first step out of spinning and into the wider family of rotating machines.","detailsSource":"https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0312007","dateAdded":"2026-08-11"},{"source":"recDTyWongPOxbK65","target":"recYNcjQrQwMTh1yc","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The Chinese trip hammers were for pounding grain","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-11"},{"source":"recLKsQvm30TsOKX6","target":"recvS3yOIyBO8W3e9","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-12"},{"source":"recXb1OyBCV2ski3Z","target":"recvS3yOIyBO8W3e9","type":"Component","details":"Theophilus's weighted rotulae sit on cord-driven shafts that rewind themselves, essentially spindle whorls applied to other purposes","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-12"},{"source":"recvS3yOIyBO8W3e9","target":"recVbSrGh9M9qevU5","type":"Component","details":"A piston pushes and pulls; a mill shaft must turn evenly. 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Egyptian depictions show bipod masts held by multiple stays fore and aft, so standing rigging is present from the earliest sailing rigs.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"source":"recMCcI3J3s5oopdU","target":"recajeS6pgxbFXx1E","type":"Component","details":"The yard is canted and carries the tack down to the deck, which only holds if the angle is set and kept by line. The Borobudur reliefs show enough of the rigging to distinguish stays, braces and halyards on a single vessel.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"source":"recMCcI3J3s5oopdU","target":"recQjZml2o8sSj6AP","type":"Component","details":"The crab claw has no standing rigging and no fixed spar geometry — the two booms converge at the tack and are held in position by line alone. 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A double canoe works under paddle alone, so the pairing is contemporaneity within that package rather than dependence.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"source":"recbtavhHtEj0Xk4F","target":"recdNbUyDhZV7piMh","type":"Component","details":"A double canoe is two hollowed hulls joined by crossbeams","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"source":"recbtavhHtEj0Xk4F","target":"recC7NHndvWaAm6ab","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"source":"recMCcI3J3s5oopdU","target":"recC7NHndvWaAm6ab","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"source":"recC7NHndvWaAm6ab","target":"recJjICz9OW5Tymg3","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"source":"recC7NHndvWaAm6ab","target":"rec0vcW9FnyfIEauy","type":"Prerequisite","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"source":"recC7NHndvWaAm6ab","target":"recdNbUyDhZV7piMh","type":"Concurrent development","details":"Comparative reconstruction places both in one Austronesian technological package around 2000 BC, together with mat sails, cordage and hollowed hulls with added planks. Every double canoe known was built by lashing, but two dug-outs joined by beams need no built-up planking, so the relation is co-occurrence in the package rather than requirement.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"source":"recJjICz9OW5Tymg3","target":"recajeS6pgxbFXx1E","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The tanja sail is the rig of the double-outrigger hull, per the Borobudur reliefs","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"source":"recMCcI3J3s5oopdU","target":"recdNbUyDhZV7piMh","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"source":"recZBLQBkbUgBBnz6","target":"recUwzF0N3zAoxPCl","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The first catapulted aircraft, Mustin's AB-2 was a flying boat, and every catapult aircraft for the next twenty years was a seaplane or floatplane. The catapult solved launching only; recovery meant alighting on the water and being hoisted back aboard by crane, so the aircraft had to float","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"source":"reccPOhQN1x92chYz","target":"recUwzF0N3zAoxPCl","type":"Component","details":"Richardson's catapult stored its energy as compressed air, released into a cylinder to drive a piston that towed the aircraft along a track. The compressed-air plant was already standard on warships for torpedo charging and gun-mount recoil, which is why the Navy's first catapult used air rather than the powder charge tried and crashed in 1912","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"source":"recUwzF0N3zAoxPCl","target":"recBt9qB4DBdcHOo3","type":"Improvement","details":"Mitchell's BXS-1 kept Richardson's arrangement — a piston driven down a cylinder by pressurized fluid, towing a shuttle that pulls the aircraft — and changed the fluid to steam tapped from the ship's boilers. Steam held far more energy per stroke than the hydraulic accumulators used in the intervening decades, which is what allowed launch weights and end speeds to rise for jets","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"source":"recSo2hAYIFgq6zn1","target":"recBt9qB4DBdcHOo3","type":"Induced demand","details":"The Royal Navy backed Mitchell's design because its hydraulic accelerators could not launch jets. Jets were heavier, needed higher end speeds, and accelerated slowly off the deck once released, so the margin that had sufficed for piston aircraft disappeared. Without a stronger catapult the fleet faced carriers its own new aircraft could not fly from, which is the problem the Perseus trials were run to solve.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"source":"recSjCtUJdWc7Zc8y","target":"recBt9qB4DBdcHOo3","type":"Byproduct","details":"Mitchell proposed a slotted-cylinder catapult to the Admiralty in the late 1930s and was refused, the hydraulic catapults then in service being adequate for biplanes. After 1945 he found the Germans had used the same arrangement on the V-1 launch ramp and examined captured German designs while resuming his own work, which Hobbs credits with hastening construction of the test rig. The concept was not taken from the V-1, but the V-1 provided some inputs.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"source":"recF5nARAtSymjLlU","target":"recyCyMhLXH74ZcLY","type":"Prerequisite","details":"A linear induction motor is a rotary one cut open and laid flat: the stator windings become a straight track, the rotor becomes a conducting plate above it, and the travelling magnetic field produces thrust along the track instead of torque about an axis. The electromagnetic action is unchanged. Laithwaite worked from the standard three-phase induction motor and taught the linear form as the unrolled version of it.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-17"},{"source":"recVzbdVSBUZLLeIi","target":"recNBls5DBXwtL2jx","type":"Inspiration","details":"Kempelen's first designed used a reed from a common bagpipe as the sound source","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-20"},{"source":"recmSZtvYiGL9DVKi","target":"recNBls5DBXwtL2jx","type":"Prerequisite","details":"The machine's glottis is similar to a pipe organ's vox humana reed pipe","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-20"},{"source":"recNBls5DBXwtL2jx","target":"recFVh9QpKp4whFy4","type":"Inspiration","details":"Bell built a working copy of von Kempelen's speaking machine with his brother around 1863, after seeing Wheatstone's replica demonstrated in London. 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He added a second, much smaller bellows beneath the nasal cavity, intending it to strengthen the release of unvoiced consonants.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-22"},{"source":"recrnibX4KNx4nrd0","target":"recmSZtvYiGL9DVKi","type":"Component","details":"The pipe organ emerges as the bellows replace the water regulator of the hydraulis","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-22"},{"source":"recrnibX4KNx4nrd0","target":"recoMZjFgvihsxEWr","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-22"},{"source":"recrnibX4KNx4nrd0","target":"rec30sYMaHy7Fxlzf","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-22"},{"source":"recrnibX4KNx4nrd0","target":"reccPOhQN1x92chYz","type":"Improvement","details":"Blowing cylinders were built to replace leather bellows at blast furnaces, which leaked, wore out, and could not deliver the blast that larger furnaces demanded. Smeaton's water-driven cast-iron cylinders at Carron substituted a piston for the flexible chamber while keeping the function unchanged.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-22"},{"source":"recrnibX4KNx4nrd0","target":"recoPhSZD9Zi8ymbl","type":"Component","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-22"},{"source":"recrnibX4KNx4nrd0","target":"rec1rtwSohlYvlJyj","type":"Component","details":"Forced draft is essential to reach bloom temperatures, and this was done with bellows (trompe","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-22"},{"source":"recxcwjnHf7iPuTHt","target":"recbyHxUAFpVQeSpR","type":"Component","details":"\"The water, having been separated from the air, leaves the camera aeolis at the same rate as it enters. 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By 1820 free reeds were standard in German and Austrian organ building, which is where Buschmann — son of a Berlin organ builder — encountered them, possibly inventing the accordion and harmonica.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-22"},{"source":"recGIDH3bm8BOcGNS","target":"rec9WqflhKqm308SE","type":"Byproduct","details":"The fire piston principled was discovered when a piece of linen ignited in the tube of an air gun's condensing pump at the Saint-Étienne armory","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-23"},{"source":"recVbSrGh9M9qevU5","target":"recFeUsIJ5rPs0O0P","type":"Inspiration","details":"Carnot wrote the \"Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu\" as an analysis of the steam engine and, explicitly, of Britain's lead in it","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-24"},{"source":"recFeUsIJ5rPs0O0P","target":"recp0tqUSxjktsEZd","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Parsons, a mathematician by training, designed for efficiency against the reciprocating engine, and turbine performance is still measured against the Carnot limit.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-24"},{"source":"recaaRRtRUmRDoe5K","target":"recoW3pazGhp5NhMO","type":"Improvement","details":"","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-25"},{"source":"recMvCmmVxEKOVGsm","target":"recoW3pazGhp5NhMO","type":"Component","details":"Text conditioning runs through cross-attention: the prompt is encoded into token embeddings, and attention layers inside the denoising network let each image region attend to the words. 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It was a deep convolutional network learning to generate raw audio from data rather than driving a hand-built model of the vocal tract.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-27"},{"source":"rec25p9tRdZT0CV4l","target":"recl95tdNRYWofvK0","type":"Component","details":"For the lyrics","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-27"},{"source":"recFVh9QpKp4whFy4","target":"recHfrObxYLPgsEcH","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Dudley built the vocoder to reduce the bandwidth speech consumed on long-distance and transatlantic circuits. 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SIGSALY digitised speech precisely so a one-time pad could be applied to it, with the key supplied as random noise on matched phonograph records.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-30"},{"source":"recTvHEx5OfVQANKd","target":"recIZOqTaLwpznenU","type":"Component","details":"Sampling, quantising and coding speech in real time required forty racks of vacuum-tube circuits weighing some fifty-five tons. The system was only buildable at all because electronic amplification could switch and shape pulses at speed.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-30"},{"source":"recIZOqTaLwpznenU","target":"recJd57BIq08ry9LF","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Every digital mobile call samples and quantises speech before transmitting it, which is what allows the signal to be compressed, error-corrected and encrypted","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-08-30"},{"source":"recIZOqTaLwpznenU","target":"rec4BATYFWoymUZZ0","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Perceptual coding discards the parts of a signal the ear will not notice, which presupposes a sampled and quantised signal to work on. 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Sperry's instrument answers the same need by different means, and was given the same name.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-09-15"},{"source":"rec6sH0BZa2PXHwaZ","target":"recZeIBgN02YqZFiS","type":"Component","details":"Elton's instrument is a reworked Davis quadrant, keeping its 30° graduated arc and horizon vane but replacing the sighting vane with an index arm. The horizon vane no longer needs a visible horizon behind it.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-09-15"},{"source":"rec9dXnMB1qfxgssj","target":"recZeIBgN02YqZFiS","type":"Component","details":"Two spirit levels set at right angles on the frame establish true horizontal directly, one confirming the plane of the instrument is vertical and the other that the shield is square to it. The bubbles supply the reference the missing sea horizon would otherwise give.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-09-15"},{"source":"recYqR4Y1lgmAjO1U","target":"recpMp07bivd2NUuv","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Lawrence Sperry adapted his father's marine gyrocompass to hold the three flight axes instead of a ship's heading","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-09-15"},{"source":"reciSoXN7pn2HJsU2","target":"recpMp07bivd2NUuv","type":"Component","details":"The autopilot is a feedback loop of exactly the kind steering engines had been running on ships since the 1860s, with hydraulic actuators on the elevators and rudder.","detailsSource":"","dateAdded":"2026-09-15"},{"source":"recH8EjTEQcmRfuYS","target":"recpMp07bivd2NUuv","type":"Prerequisite","details":"Aircraft of the period demanded continuous attention to stay upright, and as ranges grew the fatigue became a safety problem in itself. 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