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Other halides include silver iodide and silver bromide","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Georg Fabricius"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Saxony","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Saxony","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_halide","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-05-20"},{"id":"rec99kd6bmXLroJzU","title":"Floating dry dock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Floating_Dock._Woodcut_included_in_the_%27Descrittione%27_of_Venice_1560.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/floating-dry-dock.webp","year":1560,"dateDetails":"","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Sailing","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Venice","countryHistorical":"Republic of Venice","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Venice, Republic of Venice","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_dock#Renaissance_Europe","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recCpHr62HSGu9F8a","title":"Double bass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f8/Violone_PeterLely1649DutEng.png","localImage":"/tech-images/double-bass.webp","year":1560,"dateDetails":"Very approximate","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Italian city-states","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Italian city-states","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-09"},{"id":"rectXSi54bhh503gr","title":"Condom","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Condom_1900.jpg/500px-Condom_1900.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/condom.webp","year":1560,"dateDetails":"\"In 16th-century Italy, Gabriele Falloppio authored the earliest uncontested description of condom use. De Morbo Gallico (\"The French Disease\", referring to syphilis) was published in 1564, two years after Falloppio's death.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Reproductive health"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_condoms","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-01-24"},{"id":"reclbHAIAQ6Wh9Bab","title":"Flintlock musket","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg/1280px-Jacob_de_Gheyn_-_Wapenhandelinge_4.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/flintlock-musket.webp","year":1558,"dateDetails":"Associated with the snaphance. Later, in the 17th century, muskets used the \"true\" flintlock mechanism","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket#Flintlock_musket","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTuDB4PF5OxgYgY","title":"Snaphance","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Snaphaunce_guns-Sweedish-mid17cent.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/snaphance.webp","year":1558,"dateDetails":"Late 1550s. \"In Swedish the word Snapphane is first recorded 1558\". ","type":"Part","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snaphance","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechl2QaSMm6Vrzj4","title":"Hydrochloric acid","subtitle":"aka Muriatic acid, Spirits of salt","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Hydrochloric_acid_30_percent.jpg/330px-Hydrochloric_acid_30_percent.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hydrochloric-acid.webp","year":1558,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest recipes for the production of hydrochloric acid are found in Giovanni Battista Della Porta's Magiae naturalis (\"Natural Magic\")\". Magiae naturalis was first published in Naples in 1558. ","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":["Giovanni Battista Della Porta","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Naples","countryHistorical":"Kingdom of Naples","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Naples, Kingdom of Naples","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-09"},{"id":"recOlPSc5sJdRIgQw","title":"Baroque guitar","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_013.jpg/1920px-Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_013.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/baroque-guitar.webp","year":1555,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest attestation of a five-stringed guitar comes from the mid-sixteenth-century Spanish book Declaracion de Instrumentos Musicales by Juan Bermudo, published in 1555.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_guitar","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recwEPwaSuTUH0rO0","title":"Patio process","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Hacienda_Nueva_de_Fresnillo.jpg/960px-Hacienda_Nueva_de_Fresnillo.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/patio-process.webp","year":1554,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Mining"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Bartolomé de Medina"],"organizations":[],"city":"Pachuca","countryHistorical":"New Spain","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Pachuca, New Spain","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patio_process","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec351OXOe0QzMopi","title":"Dulcian","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Dulcians_Brussels_ret.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/dulcian.webp","year":1550,"dateDetails":"probably earlier, bur early evidence is scant","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulcian","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-08"},{"id":"recF4r4qXTgceonNd","title":"Variolation","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_hand_with_three_smallpox_pustules._Coloured_etching_by_W._Wellcome_V0016659.jpg/940px-A_hand_with_three_smallpox_pustules._Coloured_etching_by_W._Wellcome_V0016659.jpg?20141030234059","localImage":"/tech-images/variolation.webp","year":1549,"dateDetails":"The first clear reference to smallpox inoculation was made by the Chinese author Wan Quan (1499–1582) in his Douzhen xinfa (痘疹心法) published in 1549.","type":"Technique","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Vaccines"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variolation","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec7LXcflfKnypKM6","title":"Snaplock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Snappl%C3%A5sb%C3%B6ssa%2C_1500-tal_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_103605.tif/lossy-page1-2880px-Snappl%C3%A5sb%C3%B6ssa%2C_1500-tal_-_Skoklosters_slott_-_103605.tif.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/snaplock.webp","year":1547,"dateDetails":"\"In 1547 a corresponding law in Florence in describing the different locks speak of matchlock, wheellock and a lock with stone and steel. In this cases it is more or less inarguable that the weapons in question are snaplocks. Arsenal accounts from 1547 in Sweden also explicitly mention snaplocks, and continued to do so in 1548 and beyond.\" May date from 1517, but this is less certain.","type":"Part","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snaplock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recSGedg56jr9YHel","title":"Glasshouse","subtitle":"aka Orangery, Conservatory, Greenhouse","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Zitruskultur_-_Giovanni_Battista_Ferrari.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/glasshouse.webp","year":1545,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture","Construction"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Italian city-states","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Italian city-states","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orangery","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechB0m5C7yLXg025","title":"Marimba","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/The_Marimba_%281888%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/marimba.webp","year":1545,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Percussion instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"New Spain","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"New Spain","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marimba","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-09"},{"id":"recqVRCf9n5FlzBD7","title":"Copernican heliocentrism","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Copernican_heliocentrism_diagram.jpg?_=20091228095224","localImage":"/tech-images/copernican-heliocentrism.webp","year":1543,"dateDetails":"","type":"Theory","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Nicolaus Copernicus"],"organizations":["Frombork Cathedral"],"city":"Frombork","countryHistorical":"Poland","countryModern":"Poland","formattedLocation":"Frombork, Poland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican_heliocentrism","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxiwLWsKZJju8Ol","title":"Nonius","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Nonio_originale.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/nonius.webp","year":1542,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement","Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Pedro Nunes"],"organizations":["University of Coimbra"],"city":"Coimbra","countryHistorical":"Portugal","countryModern":"Portugal","formattedLocation":"Coimbra, Portugal","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonius_(device)","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recwzdx8MNt8TrPJB","title":"Ether","subtitle":"aka Diethyl ether","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Dietil_eter.png","localImage":"/tech-images/ether.webp","year":1540,"dateDetails":"\"The compound may have been synthesised by either Jābir ibn Hayyān in the 8th century or Ramon Llull in 1275,\" but Valerius Cordus's 1540 synthesis seems more definite. This is also approximately the date of Paracelsus discovering its analgesic properties.","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry","Medicine"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":["Valerius Cordus"],"organizations":["University of Wittenberg"],"city":"Wittenberg","countryHistorical":"Holy Roman Empire","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Wittenberg, Holy Roman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethyl_ether","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-10"},{"id":"recu483ojhtrUnr0F","title":"Reverberatory furnace","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Fonderie_bronze_1647b.jpg?_=20060603181232","localImage":"/tech-images/reverberatory-furnace.webp","year":1540,"dateDetails":"Biringuccio's De la Pirotechnia (1540) provides detailed descriptions and woodcut illustrations of reverberatory furnaces for metal smelting, documenting established Italian practice","type":"Tool","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-13"},{"id":"recp8C7mQrPW7AFD2","title":"Galleon","subtitle":"São João Baptista","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Cornelis_Verbeeck%2C_A_Naval_Encounter_between_Dutch_and_Spanish_Warships%2C_156252_original.jpg/2560px-Cornelis_Verbeeck%2C_A_Naval_Encounter_between_Dutch_and_Spanish_Warships%2C_156252_original.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/galleon.webp","year":1534,"dateDetails":"Building date of the famous São João Baptista galleon in Portugal. There is no clear cutoff as to what counts as a \"galleon\".","type":"Tool,Weapon","fields":["Sailing","Weaponry","Transportation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Portugal, Spain","countryModern":"Portugal, Spain","formattedLocation":"Portugal; Spain","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galleon","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recuMSXwczz1eQh21","title":"Violin, viola, and cello","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Viola_da_braccio.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/violin--viola--and-cello.webp","year":1530,"dateDetails":"approximate","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Italian city-states","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Italian city-states","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reczlz6lRSf8i6xve","title":"Laudanum","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dispensing_pot_for_laudanum%2C_Italy%2C_1771-1830_Wellcome_L0057458.jpg/1599px-Dispensing_pot_for_laudanum%2C_Italy%2C_1771-1830_Wellcome_L0057458.jpg?20141017090224","localImage":"/tech-images/laudanum.webp","year":1527,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Drugs"],"inventors":["Paracelsus"],"organizations":["University of Basel"],"city":"Basel","countryHistorical":"Holy Roman Empire","countryModern":"Switzerland","formattedLocation":"Basel, Holy Roman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laudanum","details":"Paracelsus popularized opium in Europe and coined the word laudanum, but his opium pill differed significantly from Sydenham's tincture of opium in the 1660s, which became standard until the 20th century","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recQMdBrJB74LJ3FW","title":"Heavy arquebus","subtitle":"aka Musket","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Fotothek_df_tg_0004653_Kriegskunde_%5E_Milit%C3%A4r_%5E_Waffe_%5E_Drill_%5E_Kavallerie_%5E_Muskete.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/heavy-arquebus.webp","year":1521,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket#Heavy_arquebus","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reccYpJhpWkMksEHD","title":"Rifling","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rifling_of_a_cannon_%28M75%3B_90mm%3B_y.1891%3B_Austro-Hungarian%3B_exposed_in_Ljubljana%2C_Slovenia%29.jpg/2560px-Rifling_of_a_cannon_%28M75%3B_90mm%3B_y.1891%3B_Austro-Hungarian%3B_exposed_in_Ljubljana%2C_Slovenia%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/rifling.webp","year":1520,"dateDetails":"either Gaspard Kollner in 1498 or Augustus Kotter in 1520","type":"Technique","fields":["Weaponry","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Gaspard Kollner","Augustus Kotter"],"organizations":[],"city":"Vienna,Nuremberg","countryHistorical":"Austria, Bavaria","countryModern":"Austria, Germany","formattedLocation":"Austria; Bavaria","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifling","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recVoB3F8br67kLFl","title":"Carillon","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Earliest_Carillonneur_Picture.png","localImage":"/tech-images/carillon.webp","year":1510,"dateDetails":"\"As late as 1510, these two functions were combined into one primitive carillon in the Oudenaarde Town Hall. One set of nine bells was connected to both a keyboard and the clock's forestrike.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Percussion instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Oudenaarde","countryHistorical":"Habsburg Netherlands","countryModern":"Belgium","formattedLocation":"Oudenaarde, Habsburg Netherlands","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carillon","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2026-04-16"},{"id":"recYn3dhoDh1hfR6U","title":"Etching","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer_Druckplatte_Christus_am_%C3%96lberg.jpg?_=20120818144128","localImage":"/tech-images/etching.webp","year":1510,"dateDetails":"Attributed to Daniel Hopfer circa 1500-1510; Urs Graf and Albrecht Dürer made the oldest extant prints in the 1510s","type":"Technique","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Printing"],"inventors":["Daniel Hopfer"],"organizations":[],"city":"Augsburg","countryHistorical":"Bavaria, Holy Roman Empire","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Bavaria; Holy Roman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-26"},{"id":"recXhiaRuShn8wq2s","title":"Pocket watch","subtitle":"Watch 1505","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/PHN_-_Watch_1505.jpeg","localImage":"/tech-images/pocket-watch.webp","year":1505,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Peter Henlein"],"organizations":[],"city":"Nuremberg","countryHistorical":"Bavaria","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Nuremberg, Bavaria","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_1505","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recOK3Utq2BfujW7g","title":"Bismuth","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bismuth_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/500px-Bismuth_crystals_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/bismuth.webp","year":1500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified), Inca Empire","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified), Peru","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified); Inca Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth#History_and_etymology","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTLN9I55klFvOy6","title":"Wheellock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Pistola_espa%C3%B1ola_de_llave_de_rueda_s._XVII_%28M.A.N.%29_01.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/wheellock.webp","year":1500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Leonardo da Vinci","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheellock","details":"Sometimes attributed to Leonardo da Vinci, in a drawing from the 1490s or the 1500s, but may also be from an anonymous German mechanic.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recjWBdMJ2EknsyYv","title":"Tin-mercury amalgam mirror","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Venezia%2C_specchio_da_tavolo%2C_1590_ca.jpg/689px-Venezia%2C_specchio_da_tavolo%2C_1590_ca.jpg?20111203192738","localImage":"/tech-images/tin-mercury-amalgam-mirror.webp","year":1500,"dateDetails":"date and precise location unknown, but \"by the 16th century Venice was a center of mirror production using this technique\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Venice","countryHistorical":"Republic of Venice","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Venice, Republic of Venice","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror#Middle_Ages_and_Renaissance","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMmS9RG5YnuNKG1","title":"Guillotine","subtitle":"Halifax Gibbet","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/HalifaxGibbetAllen.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/guillotine.webp","year":1500,"dateDetails":"Approximate. It is not known when the Halifax Gibbet was introduced, but it was probably in the 16th century.","type":"Tool","fields":["Misc"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Halifax","countryHistorical":"England","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Halifax, England","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-01-27"},{"id":"recnOOxeNR0Ml3gfv","title":"Long division","subtitle":"Danda method","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Number_Stories%2C_p78-illustration.png","localImage":"/tech-images/long-division.webp","year":1491,"dateDetails":"First printed long division algorithm, by Caldrini. 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Possibly found on a sarcophagus dated c. 350","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hourglass","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 35%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recqmwJU3JHvuvEnI","title":"Fully mechanical astronomical clock","subtitle":"aka Astrarium","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Astrario_Dondi_05869_01_dia_-_Museo_scienza_e_tecnologia_Milano.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fully-mechanical-astronomical-clock.webp","year":1336,"dateDetails":"Richard of Wallingford's clock, functional by his death in 1336 but completed 20 years later by William of Walsham. Giovanni Dondi dall'Orologio's astrarium, built in 1348-1364 in Padua, was more influential and is depicted here","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping","Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Richard of Wallingford","William of Walsham"],"organizations":["St Albans Abbey"],"city":"St Albans","countryHistorical":"England","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"St Albans, England","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_clock","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-05-11"},{"id":"recaKzAaImsqJw34j","title":"Crown 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1315, \"The Mocking of Christ\" in North Macedonia","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_(musical_instrument)","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-04-29"},{"id":"recy9MSuiywyHAzL9","title":"Worm drive roller gin","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Neuthoni%2C_an_instrument_to_separate_cotton_from_its_seeds.jpg/1920px-Neuthoni%2C_an_instrument_to_separate_cotton_from_its_seeds.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/worm-drive-roller-gin.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Yadava dynasty, Vijayanagara Empire, Bahmani Sultanate","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Yadava dynasty; Vijayanagara Empire; Bahmani Sultanate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_gin#Medieval_and_Early_Modern_India","details":"13th or 14th century: Worm gear cotton gin in Peninsular India (i.e. probably under the Yadava dynasty although may also be the Vijayanagara Empire or Bahmani Sultanate).","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recYKVrOV7jrg63p4","title":"Zinc smelting","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg/500px-Zinc_fragment_sublimed_and_1cm3_cube.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/zinc-smelting.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"Recognized as a metal in the Rasaratna Samuchaya, an Indian alchemical treatise from the 13th-16th centuries","type":"Technique","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"South Asia (unspecified)","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"South Asia (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rect0nuGIL4aGFGrM","title":"Fully mechanical clock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Salisbury_Cathedral%2C_medieval_clock.JPG/1920px-Salisbury_Cathedral%2C_medieval_clock.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/fully-mechanical-clock.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"approximate, between 1280 and 1320","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reciZdV7WSpPIkcBb","title":"Dry 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spar","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Silfurberg.jpg/500px-Silfurberg.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/iceland-spar.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"Speculated to be the \"sunstone\" used for navigation by medieval Norse sailors","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics","Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Iceland","countryModern":"Iceland","formattedLocation":"Iceland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland_spar","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-21"},{"id":"reclpRcg4cLyJPEUb","title":"Ice skates with sharp edge","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/SCENEONICE.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/ice-skate-with-sharp-steel-edge.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"\"The Dutch added edges to ice skates in the 13th or 14th century.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation","Recreation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Netherlands","countryModern":"Netherlands","formattedLocation":"Netherlands","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_skating","details":"","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":"2026-01-13"},{"id":"recUbO5pv8t1vup0Q","title":"Turpentine","subtitle":"aka Spirit of turpentine, Terebenthine","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Arsenal%2C_Ms-2888%2C_f.196v.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=original","localImage":"/tech-images/turpentine.webp","year":1300,"dateDetails":"The distillation of turpentine is mentioned in the Liber Ignium of Marcus Graecus, dated to the late 13th century","type":"Consumable","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Naval stores"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpentine","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-05-05"},{"id":"recPKiHhf5uHujPeI","title":"Sodium 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Pisa","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Pisa, Republic of Pisa","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasses#History","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recPZS0ntqapmyMy7","title":"Verge escapement and foliot","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Verge_and_foliot_from_De_Vick%27s_clock.svg/1920px-Verge_and_foliot_from_De_Vick%27s_clock.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/verge-escapement-and-foliot.webp","year":1283,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verge_escapement","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec0mCDKqRRSJMXKu","title":"Land mine","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/%E7%81%AB%E9%BE%8D%E7%B6%93_%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D_%E7%84%A6%E7%8E%89%E4%BA%8C_13.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/land-mine.webp","year":1277,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":["Explosives"],"inventors":["Lou Qianxia"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_mine","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recNQD6D3RaFl9rm8","title":"Portolan chart","subtitle":"Carta Pisana","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Carta_Pisana.png?20100709105410","localImage":"/tech-images/portolan-chart.webp","year":1275,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Geography","Sailing"],"subfields":["Maps"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Italian 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Cannon","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/%E9%BB%91%E9%BE%8D%E6%B1%9F%E7%81%AB%E9%8A%83.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cannon.webp","year":1227,"dateDetails":"approximate date of the Wuwei Bronze Cannon, Xia dynasty","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_cannon","details":"\"The earliest known depiction of a cannon is a sculpture from the Dazu Rock Carvings in Sichuan dated to 1128, however, the earliest archaeological samples and textual accounts do not appear until the 13th century. The primary extant specimens of cannon from the 13th century are the Wuwei Bronze Cannon dated to 1227, the Heilongjiang hand cannon dated to 1288, and the Xanadu Gun dated to 1298. However, only the Xanadu gun contains an inscription bearing a date of production, so it is considered the earliest confirmed extant cannon.\" The image shows the Heilongjiang hand cannon.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recmrWl5BU9G3cVp8","title":"Elephant clock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Al-jazari_elephant_clock.png/250px-Al-jazari_elephant_clock.png","localImage":"/tech-images/elephant-clock.webp","year":1206,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Ismail al-Jazari"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Artuqid Dynasty","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Artuqid Dynasty","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_clock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recLtz8Wro94N8qFZ","title":"Hurdy-gurdy","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Louvet_Drehleier.JPG/250px-Louvet_Drehleier.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/hurdy-gurdy.webp","year":1200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recBQZSgxYSFZdV6q","title":"Gittern","subtitle":"Guitarra morisca and guitarra latina","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Guitar_latina_morisca.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/gittern.webp","year":1200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Medieval Iberia","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Medieval Iberia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gittern","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recHv6Sqznk3PzrIn","title":"Junk rig","subtitle":"Chinese lugsail","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/KITLV_-_65860_-_Chinese_junks_at_Macau_-_presumably_1900-1902.tiff/lossy-page1-317px-KITLV_-_65860_-_Chinese_junks_at_Macau_-_presumably_1900-1902.tiff.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/junk-rig.webp","year":1200,"dateDetails":"Oldest depiction from Bayon temple, Cambodia, late 12th or 13th century.","type":"Part","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","countryModern":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junk_rig","details":"Not Chinese in origin, although typically associated with Chinese junks","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxsfYzAc1tdnSBa","title":"Eruptor","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Huolongjing_Eruptor.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/eruptor.webp","year":1200,"dateDetails":"late 12th or early 13th century","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cannons#Eruptor","details":"Intermediate form between fire lances and cannons, when fire lances began being made of metal and put on frames","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recqyE3nH3LnEs0bm","title":"Coat of plates","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Cambridge_ms_mm531_fo139r_plates_154.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/coat-of-plates.webp","year":1188,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_plates","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recLoYss5snkrwcH4","title":"Counterweight trebuchet","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/1187_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%81.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/counterweight-trebuchet.webp","year":1187,"dateDetails":"first mention, but it's probably older","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified), Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified), Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified); Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebuchet#Counterweight_trebuchet","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2ZJfu9pvBl82iQ","title":"Post windmill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Brill_windmill_April_2017.jpg/250px-Brill_windmill_April_2017.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/post-windmill.webp","year":1185,"dateDetails":"first windmills in Europe appear in the 12th century; first reference in 1185 in Yorkshire","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Food","Energy","Hydraulics"],"subfields":["Wind power"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_mill","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recOD42vGvzmRGdPz","title":"Domestication of vanilla","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Vanilla_florentine_codex.jpg?20090403171114","localImage":"/tech-images/domestication-of-vanilla.webp","year":1185,"dateDetails":"\"The Totonac people, who live along the eastern coast of Mexico in the present-day state of Veracruz, were among the first people to domesticate vanilla, cultivated on farms since at least 1185.\"","type":"Domestication","fields":["Agriculture","Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Totonac peoples, Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Totonac peoples; Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla","details":"","imagePosition":"left","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec6zgUYJSmdF8ABc","title":"Chimney","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Medieval_Chimney_at_King_John%27s_Palace%2C_Southampton.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/chimney.webp","year":1185,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":["Heating"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimney","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-03-07"},{"id":"recDQtIX68xQoEDFn","title":"Flying buttress","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/VillardButtressReims.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/flying-buttress.webp","year":1160,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Paris","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Paris, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_buttress","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-09"},{"id":"rec1F8pt7ygk8w3Pr","title":"Shawm","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Shawm_in_the_Codex_Manesse%2C_written_by_Heinrich_Frauenlob.jpg?20250203022235","localImage":"/tech-images/shawm.webp","year":1150,"dateDetails":"Medieval European version of double-reed instruments from the Eastern Mediterranean, like the aulos and zurna. Came to Europe during the time of the crusades (12th century)","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawm","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-08"},{"id":"reczpeoHFdRwYhLA1","title":"Cast stone","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Betonsteinwerk_02_Hildastrasse_Freiburg_i._B.JPG/250px-Betonsteinwerk_02_Hildastrasse_Freiburg_i._B.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/cast-stone.webp","year":1138,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Carcassonne","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Carcassonne, France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_stone","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recPYuOehj4QphRqb","title":"Sulfuric acid","subtitle":"aka Oil of vitriol","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sulphuric_acid_96_percent_extra_pure.jpg/500px-Sulphuric_acid_96_percent_extra_pure.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/sulfuric-acid.webp","year":1100,"dateDetails":"Difficult to date. Using 1100 with this justification: \"According to Ahmad Y. al-Hassan, three recipes for sulfuric acid occur in an anonymous Karshuni manuscript containing a compilation taken from several authors and dating from before c. 1100 AD\".","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recLb4jmLcvyKvZsV","title":"Chinampa","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Chinampa_asteca.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/chinampa.webp","year":1100,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Mexico City","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Mexico City, Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinampa","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTnNbb9KX08ROib","title":"Calico","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Calico_Sample.JPG/2560px-Calico_Sample.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/calico.webp","year":1100,"dateDetails":"11th century","type":"Material","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Calicut","countryHistorical":"Chola dynasty","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Calicut, Chola dynasty","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recoZKOUNdK93SPPs","title":"Buisine","subtitle":"aka Añafil","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/A%C3%B1afiles_en_las_Cantigas_de_Alfonso_X_el_Sabio.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/buisine.webp","year":1100,"dateDetails":"Approximate; the name buisine refers to European medieval trumpets that developed from trumpets found during the Crusades or in Muslim Iberia, but it may refer to several distinct instruments. Commonly considered to be the ancestor of modern brass instruments.","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buisine","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2025-06-08"},{"id":"recQinnZUOWNl7mHj","title":"Broad sheet glass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Prophetenfenster_Jonas_Augsburg_Hoher_Dom.JPG/960px-Prophetenfenster_Jonas_Augsburg_Hoher_Dom.JPG?_=20220418162418","localImage":"/tech-images/broad-sheet-glass.webp","year":1100,"dateDetails":"Theophilus's De Diversis Artibus (c. 1100–1120) describes the technique in practical detail; the Augsburg Cathedral prophet windows (late 11th century) are the earliest surviving examples","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Holy Roman Empire","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Holy Roman Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_sheet_glass","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-04-03"},{"id":"rec7pGbONTH4o1tzR","title":"Endless chain drive","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e1/Chain_drive%2C_Su_Song%27s_book_of_1092.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/endless-chain-drive.webp","year":1092,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Su Song"],"organizations":[],"city":"Kaifeng","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Kaifeng, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_drive#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDm7BfzxzNSjMOr","title":"Water-driven astronomical clock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Clock_Tower_from_Su_Song%27s_Book_desmear.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/water-driven-astronomical-clock.webp","year":1092,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping","Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Su Song"],"organizations":[],"city":"Kaifeng","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Kaifeng, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su_Song","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recmFC8gI0fKrjnwA","title":"Coke (fuel)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Koks_Brennstoff.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/coke--fuel-.webp","year":1078,"dateDetails":"May need to be adjusted. Based on this from Wikipedia: \"By the first decades of the 11th century, Chinese ironworkers in the Yellow River valley began to fuel their furnaces with coke, solving their fuel problem in that tree-sparse region. By 1078 CE, the implementation of coke as a replacement to charcoal in the production of iron in China dramatically increased the industry to 125,000 tons per year.\"","type":"Material","fields":["Energy","Metallurgy"],"subfields":["Fuels"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMHRc5PSYwgU7zl","title":"Steelmaking with partial decarbonization","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ming_Steel_Sword.jpg/1599px-Ming_Steel_Sword.jpg?20201123091131","localImage":"/tech-images/steelmaking-with-partial-decarbonization.webp","year":1075,"dateDetails":"Described by Shen Kuo in 1075","type":"Technique","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":["Steel"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steelmaking#Early_history","details":"Medieval process akin to the modern Bessemer process","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recNLLtOT6vY6MXst","title":"Dry dock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Reconstruction_of_the_merchant_ship_Ceres_in_dry_dock.jpg?20170215143823","localImage":"/tech-images/dry-dock.webp","year":1070,"dateDetails":"Based on Song dynasty writing Shen Kuo. A dry dock was possibly used in antiquity around 200 AD for the Tessarakonteres ship, but this is highly uncertain.","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_dock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recyxyvYLjSW5TduV","title":"Movable type","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ningxia_Museum_wooden_moveable_print_frame.jpg/1593px-Ningxia_Museum_wooden_moveable_print_frame.jpg?20160915224823","localImage":"/tech-images/movable-type.webp","year":1040,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication","Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Printing"],"inventors":["Bi Sheng"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movable_type","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recbII4vNI5FRNYCN","title":"Compass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Chinesischer_Kompass_im_%C3%9Cberseemuseum_2011_01.JPG/248px-Chinesischer_Kompass_im_%C3%9Cberseemuseum_2011_01.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/compass.webp","year":1040,"dateDetails":"first reference to the compass as a navigational instrument, in a Song dynasty book dated c. 1040-1044. Reached other regions like Europe and the Middle East in the 1100s-1200s","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement","Sailing"],"subfields":["Magnetism"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_compass#China","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recPuntkzUL4NyPLi","title":"Paper recycling","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%22From_Waste_Paper_into_War_Weapons%22_-_NARA_-_514339.jpg/332px-%22From_Waste_Paper_into_War_Weapons%22_-_NARA_-_514339.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/paper-recycling.webp","year":1031,"dateDetails":"\"Paper recycling was first recorded in 1031 when Japanese shops sold repulped paper.\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Japan","countryModern":"Japan","formattedLocation":"Japan","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recelk9O9lvnUbaNu","title":"Spinning wheel","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Illustration_of_al-Hariri_Maqamat_spinning_wheel.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/spinning-wheel.webp","year":1030,"dateDetails":"Disputed, could be much older in China or India; but the earliest clear evidence is the 11th-century Islamic world","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_wheel","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recaxqaqFOtUbPEfG","title":"Paper money","subtitle":"Jiaozi","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Hue-tzu_%28Song_Dynasty_government_issue%29%2C_1023_-_John_E._Sandrock.jpg/250px-Hue-tzu_%28Song_Dynasty_government_issue%29%2C_1023_-_John_E._Sandrock.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/paper-money.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Commerce"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Chengdu","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Chengdu, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiaozi_(currency)","details":"Jiaozi is considered the first true paper money","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recCfupHbKT4hXoCU","title":"Fireworks","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/RoyalFireworks.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fireworks.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Recreation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxoTcuj0xx56ZZe","title":"Banknote seal","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Ming_Dynasty_banknote.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/banknote-seal.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Commerce","Security"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banknote_seal_(China)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec93meO5nf6rYsYt","title":"Organistrum","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Organistrumsantiago20060414.jpg/200px-Organistrumsantiago20060414.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/organistrum.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"\"end of the 10th or beginning of the 11th century\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organistrum","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recgNH0bo5AD7XhNz","title":"Grenade","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG/2880px-%E3%81%A6%E3%81%A4%E3%81%AF%E3%81%86%EF%BC%88%E9%9C%87%E5%A4%A9%E9%9B%B7%EF%BC%89.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/grenade.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenade","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec1j6g8mcFcQKRco","title":"Knitting","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/KnittingMadonna.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/knitting.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Fatimid Caliphate","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Fatimid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_knitting","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recfp6El4rdwLjxQA","title":"Fulling mill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Fulling_mill_bockler.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fulling-mill.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"Approximate. There may evidence of a fulling mill in Roman Syria in 73-74","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Al-Andalus","countryModern":"Spain, Morocco","formattedLocation":"Al-Andalus","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulling","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recCdNWUv1jo7rYwr","title":"Fuse","subtitle":"aka Fuze","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Huolongjing_bomb.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fuse.webp","year":1000,"dateDetails":"Approximate. 10th century Song China","type":"Part","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":["Explosives"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuse_(explosives)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-03-17"},{"id":"recGMpcInxIRIytrb","title":"Pound lock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/FRONT_VIEW_OF_A_BOAT.jpg/1600px-FRONT_VIEW_OF_A_BOAT.jpg?20140129150318","localImage":"/tech-images/pound-lock.webp","year":984,"dateDetails":"","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Hydraulics","Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Qiao Weiyue"],"organizations":[],"city":"Huainan","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Huainan, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_(water_navigation)#Pound_lock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recGa9114oObLMRgu","title":"Tofu","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Japanese_SilkyTofu_%28Kinugoshi_Tofu%29.JPG/2560px-Japanese_SilkyTofu_%28Kinugoshi_Tofu%29.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/tofu.webp","year":965,"dateDetails":"First appearance in the written record. May be much earlier, and popularly attributed to Han dynasty prince Liu An (164 BC-122 BC)","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofu","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-14"},{"id":"recBdpTDt037mrawk","title":"Fountain pen","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/US68445.png","localImage":"/tech-images/fountain-pen.webp","year":953,"dateDetails":"Supposedly commissioned by Fatimid caliph al Mu'izz li-Din Allah. There were many developments toward modern fountain pens in 17th and 18th century Europe.","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Fatimid Caliphate","countryModern":"Tunisia, Egypt","formattedLocation":"Fatimid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountain_pen","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recw1xezarSCaGS4t","title":"Fire lance","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Capture_d%E2%80%99%C3%A9cran%2C_le_2025-05-24_%C3%A0_13.38.31.png","localImage":"/tech-images/fire-lance.webp","year":950,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_lance","details":"","imagePosition":"top right","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recLFLXiURkagts4H","title":"Bowed rebab","subtitle":"aka Spiked fiddle","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Rabel.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/rebab.webp","year":950,"dateDetails":"The rebab dates from no later than the 8th century, but was originally plucked, and is still described as such by al-Farabi, who died in 950. It seems likely that bows were used with the rebab later than 950, after which it originated a rich lineage of bowed instruments.","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebab","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recZ3YsJQZAOz2zmn","title":"Vielle","subtitle":"aka Medieval fiddle","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Vielles_and_Citole%2C_Manuscript_T_%28El_Escorial%2C_Biblioteca_del_Real_Monasterio%2C_MS._T._I._1%29%2C_fol._5r%2C_detail.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/vielle.webp","year":950,"dateDetails":"Hard to date precisely","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vielle","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 35%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recA9GMz1vhJAeENr","title":"Castle","subtitle":"Château de Doué-la-Fontaine","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Montbazon_-_Donjon_-2.JPG/640px-Montbazon_-_Donjon_-2.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/castle.webp","year":950,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Weaponry","Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"France","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"France","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle","details":"image shows the Castle Site of Montbazon, built in the late 10th or 11th century","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec9r96D9wo1RLlAy","title":"Fierce-fire oil cabinet","subtitle":"aka Pen Huo Qi","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Chinese_Flamethrower.JPG/200px-Chinese_Flamethrower.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/fierce-fire-oil-cabinet.webp","year":919,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fierce-fire_Oil_Cabinet","details":"Double-piston pump naphtha flamethrower; Chinese version of Greek fire, plausibly acquired indirectly (through Arabia) from the West","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recIDfm2R5pPRYBl2","title":"Fire arrow","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Manual_Fire_Arrow.jpg/200px-Manual_Fire_Arrow.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fire-arrow.webp","year":908,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_arrow","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recAoyJ9vHaqXbtQi","title":"Byzantine lyra","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Byzantine_Lyra_Museo_Nazionale.jpg/250px-Byzantine_Lyra_Museo_Nazionale.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/byzantine-lyra.webp","year":900,"dateDetails":"approximate; first known depiction from a casket dated 900-1100 AD; also discussed by a Persian writer who died in 911","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Byzantine Empire","countryModern":"Turkey, Greece","formattedLocation":"Byzantine Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_lyra","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recM4nAqXvDahsgKW","title":"Psaltery","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/B-I-2_260R_large_psaltery.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/psaltery.webp","year":900,"dateDetails":"Evidence from the 9th century. The psaltery is the European evolution of the zither","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psaltery","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recZAcDyjrdILOCBG","title":"Cigar","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Aztec_feast_1.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cigar.webp","year":900,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Recreation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Maya civilization, Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Maya civilization; Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigar","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTSZmQEgOM6zByD","title":"Reading stone","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/2015-08_archeon_reading_stone.JPG/250px-2015-08_archeon_reading_stone.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/reading-stone.webp","year":850,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Abbas ibn Firnas"],"organizations":[],"city":"Cordoba","countryHistorical":"Al-Andalus","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Cordoba, Al-Andalus","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_stone","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reclGxXLBXDvoaUBl","title":"Frequency analysis","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Al-kindi-cryptanalysis.png","localImage":"/tech-images/frequency-analysis.webp","year":850,"dateDetails":"approximate, based on al-Kindi's lifetime","type":"Technique","fields":["Security"],"subfields":["Cryptography"],"inventors":["Al-Kindi"],"organizations":["House of Wisdom"],"city":"Baghdad","countryHistorical":"Abbasid Caliphate","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_analysis","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-04"},{"id":"reczupsFVwbyFhv18","title":"Ethanol (isolation)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sample_of_Absolute_Ethanol.jpg/1280px-Sample_of_Absolute_Ethanol.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/ethanol--isolation-.webp","year":850,"dateDetails":"Approximate, based on the lifetime of Arab alchemists: \"The distillation of wine is attested in Arabic works attributed to al-Kindī (c. 801–873 CE) and to al-Fārābī (c. 872–950), and in the 28th book of al-Zahrāwī's (Latin: Abulcasis, 936–1013) Kitāb al-Taṣrīf\"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":["unknown","Jabir ibn Hayyan","Al-Kindi","Al-Farabi"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-10"},{"id":"recVgTseF49i1Kttp","title":"Dhow","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/A_dhow_sailing_on_Lake_Victoria.jpg/1600px-A_dhow_sailing_on_Lake_Victoria.jpg?20171129185445","localImage":"/tech-images/dhow.webp","year":830,"dateDetails":"date of the Belitung shipwreck, the oldest material evidence of a dhow. Likely older.","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified), Africa (unspecified), Ancient India","countryModern":"unknown","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified); Africa (unspecified); Ancient India","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhow","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-04"},{"id":"rececgXRSWC2T3Tjo","title":"Sine quadrant","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0040.1_CROP.jpg/637px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0040.1_CROP.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/sine-quadrant.webp","year":820,"dateDetails":"Al-Khwarizmi worked at the House of Wisdom around that time","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Al-Khwarizmi"],"organizations":["House of Wisdom"],"city":"Baghdad","countryHistorical":"Abbasid Caliphate","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_quadrant","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxoxJ7m8lS5MSR9","title":"Gunpowder","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Black_Powder-1.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/gunpowder.webp","year":808,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Weaponry","Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec9qEjBXhd6H6MUb","title":"Flying cash","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Marchands%2C_dynastie_Tang.jpg/640px-Marchands%2C_dynastie_Tang.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/flying-cash.webp","year":804,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Commerce"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_cash","details":"Precursor to true banknotes during Tang dynasty","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recOYNC3HvPMTuWlc","title":"Panemone windmill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/2560px-%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/panemone-windmill.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"at least by the 9th century and possibly as early as the mid-to-late 7th century","type":"Infrastructure","fields":["Food","Energy","Hydraulics"],"subfields":["Wind power"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Abbasid Caliphate","countryModern":"Iran, Afghanistan","formattedLocation":"Abbasid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panemone_windmill","details":"first practical windmill","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recHIxVRr4k5O4UZA","title":"Fractional distillation","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus.svg/1920px-Fractional_distillation_lab_apparatus.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/fractional-distillation.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":["Jabir ibn Hayyan","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillation","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recGyGvhvABUeuIHx","title":"Arsenic","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arsen_1a.jpg/250px-Arsen_1a.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/arsenic.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements","Alchemy"],"inventors":["Jabir ibn Hayyan","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenic","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec9eWXCnQJxD6tq0","title":"Antimony","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Antimony-4.jpg/250px-Antimony-4.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/antimony.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Periodic table elements","Alchemy"],"inventors":["Jabir ibn Hayyan","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified)","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec26kBNJgjW0GUrW","title":"Oud","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Maler_der_Geschichte_von_Bay%C3%A2d_und_Riy%C3%A2d_cropped.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/oud.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"Very approximate. Emerged as an improvement of earlier instruments during the Islamic Golden Age","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Middle East (unspecified), Al-Andalus","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified), Spain","formattedLocation":"Middle East (unspecified); Al-Andalus","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oud","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 35%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechCXJGLCXdIMJ0i","title":"Xylophone","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Gyil.JPG/2880px-Gyil.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/xylophone.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"Earliest evidence in 9th-century Southeast Asia. Evolved (likely) independently in Africa at an unspecified ancient date, from where it spread to North America to become the marimba","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Percussion instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Southeast Asia (unspecified), Africa (unspecified)","countryModern":"Southeast Asia (unspecified), Africa (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Southeast Asia (unspecified); Africa (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylophone","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recvregjAYpyfSIFf","title":"Blue and white pottery","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/L311_-_Coupe_au_bouquet_bleu_-_Irak.JPG/1549px-L311_-_Coupe_au_bouquet_bleu_-_Irak.JPG?20150202190852","localImage":"/tech-images/blue-and-white-pottery.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"Porcelain came from China, but the blue cobalt glaze was likely invented in Iraq in the 8th or 9th century, and then spread back to China","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Blue"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Basra","countryHistorical":"Abbasid Caliphate","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Basra, Abbasid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_and_white_pottery#14th_century","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-08-09"},{"id":"recPYFhCfjvQguWZu","title":"Maya blue","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Bonampak_mural._Room_1._Musicians_and_dancers.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/maya-blue.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Blue","Pigments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Maya civilization","countryModern":"Mexico, Guatemala","formattedLocation":"Maya civilization","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_blue","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2025-08-16"},{"id":"rectF21GgaS8AZrwh","title":"Soda ash from plants","subtitle":"aka Barilla, Sodium carbonate","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Salsola_sativa_Ypey96.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/soda-ash-from-plants.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"Sodium carbonate derived from halophytic plant ash (as opposed to natron deposits). The transition from natron in glassmaking occurred \"in the late 8th-early 9th century\".","type":"Technique","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Abbasid Caliphate","countryModern":"Israel, Palestine","formattedLocation":"Abbasid Caliphate","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_carbonate","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-01-29"},{"id":"rec5CdYhF6BDPmxuR","title":"Bow and bowed instruments","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Violas_de_arco_en_un_manuscrito_del_a%C3%B1o_900_-_950.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/bow-and-bowed-instruments.webp","year":800,"dateDetails":"Origin poorly known. Speculated to come from Central Asian peoples using (archery) bows, horses, and rosined sticks for music. The image shows Iberian bowed instruments from 900-950.","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Central Asia","countryModern":"Central Asia (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Central Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(music)","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-05-06"},{"id":"recdnD8mmkoPRJQ7N","title":"Toothbrush","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D%E7%89%99%E5%88%B7.png","localImage":"/tech-images/toothbrush.webp","year":750,"dateDetails":"approximate, Tang dynasty [619–907]","type":"Tool","fields":["Medicine"],"subfields":["Dentistry"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toothbrush","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recT37FekNoo7uc8R","title":"Maple syrup","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fabrication_du_sirop_d%27%C3%A9rables_par_les_Am%C3%A9rindiens_en_Nouvelle-France_%28XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle%29.jpg/960px-Fabrication_du_sirop_d%27%C3%A9rables_par_les_Am%C3%A9rindiens_en_Nouvelle-France_%28XVIIIe_si%C3%A8cle%29.jpg?20111208174102","localImage":"/tech-images/maple-syrup.webp","year":750,"dateDetails":"extremely approximate; first documented by Europeans in the early 1600s, but is known to be far older; there is some archeological evidence from the Late Woodland period and the Mackinac phase (750-1000)","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Americas","countryModern":"Canada, USA","formattedLocation":"Ancient Americas","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_syrup","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recUFfstQxWR1w2SK","title":"Talking drum","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/TalkingDrum.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/talking-drum.webp","year":700,"dateDetails":"hard to find good sources for dating, but some suggest the 7th century in the Ghana Empire","type":"Tool","fields":["Music","Communication"],"subfields":["Percussion instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ghana Empire, Africa (unspecified)","countryModern":"Africa (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ghana Empire; Africa (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talking_drum","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recgwhKN1fpKmfEVj","title":"Greek fire","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg/250px-Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/greek-fire.webp","year":672,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Kallinikos"],"organizations":[],"city":"Constantinople","countryHistorical":"Byzantine Empire","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Constantinople, Byzantine Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_fire","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recFrxpq2LGXRQVTR","title":"Whale oil","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Candle_Factory_%281%29.jpg/1599px-Candle_Factory_%281%29.jpg?20181205204425","localImage":"/tech-images/whale-oil.webp","year":670,"dateDetails":"There is a document dating from 670 about the purchase of whale oil and blubber from Bayonne in the Basque country, by the Jumièges Abbey in Normandy; this may be the oldest evidence of whale oil being sold for illumination purposes.","type":"Consumable","fields":["Lighting","Energy"],"subfields":["Fuels","Whaling"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Bayonne","countryHistorical":"Frankish Empire","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Bayonne, Frankish Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_oil","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-27"},{"id":"recSTyGUC0TsfWHwQ","title":"Oil paint","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/oil-paint.webp","year":650,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Paint"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Bamiyan","countryHistorical":"Hephthalite principalities","countryModern":"Afghanistan","formattedLocation":"Bamiyan, Hephthalite principalities","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_paint","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-17"},{"id":"rec8ggtzPyVhAUGqc","title":"Carruca","subtitle":"aka Heavy plough","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Detail_of_Les_tres_riches_heures_-_March.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/carruca.webp","year":643,"dateDetails":"Could be earlier (568) based on linguistic evidence from the Slavic area","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carruca","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec8Rpzp9XMYWBuYL","title":"Positional decimal numerals and true zero","subtitle":"Hindu-Arabic numerals","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Gwalior_zeros.jpg?20181002135224","localImage":"/tech-images/positional-decimal-numerals-and-true-zero.webp","year":628,"dateDetails":"date of the Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta, the first book to clearly explain the role of the zero, completing earlier developments that made the Hindu-Arabic numerals a complete positional decimal system","type":"Standard","fields":["Mathematics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Brahmagupta"],"organizations":[],"city":"Bhinmal","countryHistorical":"Chapa dynasty","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Bhinmal, Chapa dynasty","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec0k7bLEpcCRccBn","title":"Carvel boat building","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Turkey.Bodrum056.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/carvel-boat-building.webp","year":625,"dateDetails":"date of the Yassi Ada shipwreck; carvel building probably began to appear around 500","type":"Technique","fields":["Sailing","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Byzantine Empire","countryModern":"Middle East (unspecified), Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Byzantine Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reczr5UBdUPTQF1HR","title":"Tide mill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Moulin_maree_brehat.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/tide-mill.webp","year":619,"dateDetails":"\"Dendrochronology has dated a tide mill on [Mahee Island] to the year 619, making this the oldest excavated tide mill anywhere in the world.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Energy","Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Medieval Ireland","countryModern":"UK","formattedLocation":"Medieval Ireland","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide_mill","details":"","imagePosition":"bottom","dateAdded":"2025-09-06"},{"id":"recjGRaRtA9epoKvB","title":"Porcelain","subtitle":"aka China","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Verseuse_ph%C3%A9nix_Mus%C3%A9e_Guimet_2418.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/porcelain.webp","year":600,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcelain#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recmSZtvYiGL9DVKi","title":"Pipe organ","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Utrechts-Psalter_CANTICUM-16_organ_sheep_angel.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/pipe-organ.webp","year":600,"dateDetails":"\"By the 6th or 7th century AD, bellows were used to supply Byzantine organs with wind\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Byzantine Empire","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Byzantine Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recuI47d23Qmfdxbo","title":"Timpani","subtitle":"aka Naker, Naqareh, Kettledrum","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Iraqi_Naqqarat.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/naker.webp","year":600,"dateDetails":"or older","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["Percussion instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"","countryModern":"","formattedLocation":"","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timpani","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-14"},{"id":"recjmQqa7fP2tlnF7","title":"Toilet paper","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Toiletpapier_%28Gobran111%29.jpg/500px-Toiletpapier_%28Gobran111%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/toilet-paper.webp","year":589,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Sanitation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toilet_paper#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec0W4KkDK6zKB9Xw","title":"Sulfur match","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Streichholz.jpg/500px-Streichholz.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/sulfur-match.webp","year":577,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Chemistry","Lighting"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Match","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recSpe8Gqi62ycImt","title":"Ammonium chloride","subtitle":"aka Sal ammoniac","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Salammoniac-456369.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/ammonium-chloride.webp","year":554,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest mention of ammonium chloride was in 554 in China. At that time, ammonium chloride came from two sources: (1) the vents of underground coal fires in Central Asia, specifically, in the Tian Shan mountains (which extend from Xinjiang province of northwestern China through Kyrgyzstan) as well as in the Alay (or Alai) mountains of southwestern Kyrgyzstan, and (2) the fumaroles of the volcano Mount Taftan in southeastern Iran\"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Central Asia, Sasanian Persia","countryModern":"China, Iran, Kyrgyzstan","formattedLocation":"Ancient Central Asia; Sasanian Persia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonium_chloride","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-09"},{"id":"recFfLqUhfNCwwKqE","title":"Kite","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Kite_Flying_by_Suzuki_Harunobu_%28%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8_%E6%98%A5%E4%BF%A1%29.jpg/1920px-Kite_Flying_by_Suzuki_Harunobu_%28%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8_%E6%98%A5%E4%BF%A1%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/kite.webp","year":549,"dateDetails":"Earliest clear evidence of paper kites being flown in China, but silk kites may have been invented much earlier (4th century BC).","type":"Tool","fields":["Flying","Recreation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2025-07-06"},{"id":"recimKTGVY5uS0ti3","title":"Pendentive dome","subtitle":"Hagia Sophia","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Saint_Sophia%2C_Constantinopolis.jpg/2560px-Saint_Sophia%2C_Constantinopolis.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/pendentive-dome.webp","year":537,"dateDetails":"There are examples in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, but \"full development of the form came in the 6th-century Eastern Roman cathedral, Hagia Sophia, in Constantinople\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Constantinople","countryHistorical":"Byzantine Empire","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Constantinople, Byzantine Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendentive","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec6bvW8W0JtXmiaa","title":"Wheelchair","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Xiao_er_lun_-_Confucius_and_children.jpg/960px-Xiao_er_lun_-_Confucius_and_children.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/wheelchair.webp","year":525,"dateDetails":"People in China and Greece used wheeled furniture to move both objects and disabled people from the 6th-5th centuries BC, but \"a distinction between the two functions was not made for another several hundred years, until around AD 525, when images of wheeled chairs made specifically to carry people began to occur in Chinese art.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":["Accessibility"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheelchair","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2Ag4pXdFvjU7R4","title":"Candle clock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Kerzenuhr.jpg?20070314030651","localImage":"/tech-images/candle-clock.webp","year":520,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest reference to their use to occurs in a Chinese poem by You Jiangu (AD 520).\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candle_clock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-17"},{"id":"rec4kPvj1cIonS4n2","title":"Incense clock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/IncenseAlarmClock.JPG?20050821144651","localImage":"/tech-images/incense-clock.webp","year":500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense_clock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recKaDf88QIiXdcHE","title":"Pointed arch bridge","subtitle":"Karamagara Bridge","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Getar_bridge.png","localImage":"/tech-images/pointed-arch-bridge.webp","year":500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":["Bridges"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Byzantine Empire","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Byzantine Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamagara_Bridge","details":"Image shows the Getar bridge in Armenia","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechyFhKC1RegJd3I","title":"Nailed horseshoe","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Variety_of_horseshoes%2C_including_aluminum_racing_plates_and_shoes_used_on_cattle_in_lower_right.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/nailed-horseshoe.webp","year":500,"dateDetails":"from a 5th century tomb in Belgium","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":["Horses"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome, Frankish Empire","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome; Frankish Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe","details":"oldest horseshoes with possible nails are known from an Etruscan tomb dated 4th century BC, but there are no other finds/references until the 5th century AD","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechm6ldFimJWjVhx","title":"Quill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Rutilio_Manetti_-_Sant%27Ambrogio_%28hands_writing_with_quill_pen_detail%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/quill.webp","year":500,"dateDetails":"The quill begins replacing the reed pen in Europe in the 6th century","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quill","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDTbv1cxs6Sn5YY","title":"Ultramarine","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Natural_ultramarine_pigment.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/ultramarine.webp","year":500,"dateDetails":"Lapis-lazuli was mined \"and traded to Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt as early as the third millennium BCE\", but used as a pigment starting around the 5th-7th centuries in Buddhist and Zoroastrian caves.","type":"Consumable","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Pigments","Blue"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Sasanian Persia","countryModern":"Afghanistan","formattedLocation":"Sasanian Persia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramarine","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reccdFuC1YI0vLU1M","title":"Horse collar","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Earliest_equine_harness_477_499_cave_257.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/horse-collar.webp","year":477,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":["Horses"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_collar","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recOHh1bqa5ddVi9Z","title":"Palm-leaf manuscript","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/828_CE_Paramesvaratantra_Sanskrit_palm_leaf_manuscipt%2C_Late_Gupta_script%2C_Nepal%2C_no_highlight.jpg/1599px-828_CE_Paramesvaratantra_Sanskrit_palm_leaf_manuscipt%2C_Late_Gupta_script%2C_Nepal%2C_no_highlight.jpg?20181031120048","localImage":"/tech-images/palm-leaf-manuscript.webp","year":450,"dateDetails":"5th century","type":"Material","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient India","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Ancient India","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm-leaf_manuscript","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-13"},{"id":"recSpSCflkN2X1kQs","title":"Rust-resistant iron","subtitle":"Iron pillar of Delhi","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Complejo_de_Qutb-Delhi-India072.JPG/1599px-Complejo_de_Qutb-Delhi-India072.JPG?20091212112329","localImage":"/tech-images/rust-resistant-iron.webp","year":400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Mathura","countryHistorical":"Gupta Empire","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Mathura, Gupta Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_pillar_of_Delhi","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec4Dsku4eJNG6sr5","title":"Dichroic glass","subtitle":"Lycurgus cup","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Front_of_4th_century_CE_Roman_Lycurgus_Cup%2C_British_Museum_%281958%2C1202.1%29.jpg/1920px-Front_of_4th_century_CE_Roman_Lycurgus_Cup%2C_British_Museum_%281958%2C1202.1%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/dichroic-glass.webp","year":400,"dateDetails":"4th century","type":"Material","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Rome,Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy, Egypt","formattedLocation":"Rome, Alexandria, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dichroic_glass","details":"data for the Lycurgus cup, the earliest known item made of dichroic 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He likely came up with method improvements that turned paper into an industry.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechr8cDQ05dBnQAs","title":"Pivoted scissors","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Greek_and_Roman_Forceps-Surgical_Instruments_Wellcome_M0004760.jpg/960px-Greek_and_Roman_Forceps-Surgical_Instruments_Wellcome_M0004760.jpg?20141022215623","localImage":"/tech-images/pivoted-scissors.webp","year":100,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scissors#History","details":"Modern scissor design","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxidiUDcPYJcyfX","title":"Odometer (China)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Han_dynasty_odometer_cart.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/odometer--china-.webp","year":100,"dateDetails":"\"possibly by the prolific inventor and early scientist Zhang Heng (78 AD – 139 AD)\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Zhang Heng","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odometer","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec9WqflhKqm308SE","title":"Fire piston","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fire_piston.jpg/2880px-Fire_piston.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fire-piston.webp","year":100,"dateDetails":"\"The antiquity of the fire piston in Southeast Asia is unknown, but it definitely pre-dated the Austronesian colonization of Madagascar (c. 100-500 AD).\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","countryModern":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Southeast Asia (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_piston","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechFC4K0YcWCfoxN","title":"Sternpost-mounted rudder","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Pottery_boat_from_Eastern_Han_Dynasty_showing_rudder.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/sternpost-mounted-rudder.webp","year":100,"dateDetails":"1st century, Eastern Han dynasty","type":"Part","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder#Sternpost-mounted_rudder","details":"","imagePosition":"left","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rectjK8ycp2FESRe6","title":"Latitude and longitude","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/PtolemyWorldMap.jpg/640px-PtolemyWorldMap.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/latitude-and-longitude.webp","year":100,"dateDetails":"approximate, based on Marinus of Tyre's lifetime. Influenced Ptolemy's Geography","type":"Technique","fields":["Geography"],"subfields":["Maps"],"inventors":["Marinus of Tyre"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified), Middle East (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinus_of_Tyre","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec1w9T70GsmpwInW","title":"Mould-board plough","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/ChineseIronPlow1637.jpg/1280px-ChineseIronPlow1637.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/mould-board-plough.webp","year":100,"dateDetails":"Han dynasty \"in the 1st and 2nd century\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plough#Mould-board_ploughing","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recso0EpS0Sq2iKSv","title":"Amate","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Huex_codex_1a_loc.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/amate.webp","year":75,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Communication","Visual media"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amate","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reche4A0pcXxfNPoi","title":"Divinatory compass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg/320px-Model_Si_Nan_of_Han_Dynasty.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/divinatory-compass.webp","year":70,"dateDetails":"Referenced in the Luheng, a book written c. 70-80","type":"Tool","fields":["Misc"],"subfields":["Magnetism"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_compass#China","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recLOiOy2BHuXTfx1","title":"Vending machine","subtitle":"","tier":"D","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Ancient_vending_music%2C_Kotsanas_Museum_of_Ancient_Technology%2C_Athens%2C_Greece.jpg/1051px-Ancient_vending_music%2C_Kotsanas_Museum_of_Ancient_Technology%2C_Athens%2C_Greece.jpg?20250219163535","localImage":"/tech-images/vending-machine.webp","year":60,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Misc"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Hero of Alexandria"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vending_machine","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reclxF1eyHVIoTjzz","title":"Aeolipile","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/b/b8/20130121053449%21Aeolipile_illustration.png","localImage":"/tech-images/aeolipile.webp","year":60,"dateDetails":"","type":"Experiment","fields":["Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Hero of Alexandria"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolipile","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 15%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recfoDoXAanCScSRx","title":"Screw press","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Restored_olive_press_from_the_Roman_Empire.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/screw-press.webp","year":50,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_press","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recN7ruorEA3Iy9ve","title":"Hand plane","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Planes_tools_roman.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hand-plane.webp","year":50,"dateDetails":"Earliest examples known from Pompeii. Basic design may be much more ancient","type":"Tool","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(tool)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTZHqFlDCwhjBls","title":"Birch bark manuscript","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Fragmentary_Buddhist_text_-_Gandhara_birchbark_scrolls_%281st_C%29%2C_part_31_-_BL_Or._14915.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/birch-bark-manuscript.webp","year":50,"dateDetails":"The oldest birch bark scrolls from Gandhara are dated to the first half of the 1st century","type":"Material","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Gandhara","countryModern":"Afghanistan, Pakistan","formattedLocation":"Gandhara","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch_bark_manuscript","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-13"},{"id":"rec9C0JMx3cUra9FD","title":"Hydraulic mining","subtitle":"Hushing, Ruina montium","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Panor%C3%A1mica_de_Las_M%C3%A9dulas.jpg/2560px-Panor%C3%A1mica_de_Las_M%C3%A9dulas.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hydraulic-mining.webp","year":50,"dateDetails":"At Las Médulas, \"large-scale production did not begin until the second half of the 1st century AD.\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Mining","Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Ponferrada","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Ponferrada, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_mining","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-14"},{"id":"recKMRaEnWUeVVDd8","title":"Glass window","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Roman_window_glass.jpg/1280px-Roman_window_glass.jpg?_=20130610071159","localImage":"/tech-images/glass-window.webp","year":50,"dateDetails":"Seneca, who died in 64, mentioned glass windows as a recent invention; physical evidence at Pompeii in 79","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction","Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2026-01-24"},{"id":"recdhf7efnNv0N9z3","title":"Soybean paste and soy sauce","subtitle":"Qingjiang","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Soy_sauce_2.jpg/250px-Soy_sauce_2.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/soybean-paste-and-soy-sauce.webp","year":40,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recbFwq6MWCH1FJBs","title":"Fluked anchor","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Nemi_060_museo_delle_Navi.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/fluked-anchor.webp","year":40,"dateDetails":"Intact anchors with the familiar modern design and iron parts were found on the Nemi ships, from the reign of Caligula (37-41 AD); may be older, and descend from less advanced designs","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor#History","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recFVj1MTL4N7aNQt","title":"Water-powered blast furnace","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Yuan_Dynasty_-_waterwheels_and_smelting.png","localImage":"/tech-images/water-powered-blast-furnace.webp","year":31,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Metallurgy","Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Du Shi"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_Shi","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recRhPx1pL5XMlulo","title":"Greenhouse","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Villa_of_Livia_-_Frescos_-_detail_005.jpg/3840px-Villa_of_Livia_-_Frescos_-_detail_005.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/greenhouse.webp","year":30,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture","Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Rome","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Rome, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse#Roman_Empire","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recrmjAr9izeRrn1X","title":"Soap","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Savon_d%27Alep_Laurier_12%25_-_1.jpg/1599px-Savon_d%27Alep_Laurier_12%25_-_1.jpg?20150430203810","localImage":"/tech-images/soap.webp","year":1,"dateDetails":"\"Knowledge of how to produce true soap emerged at some point between early mentions of proto-soaps and the first century AD.\"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Sanitation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap#History","details":"Attributed to \"the Gauls\" by Pliny","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recR7udJwXe04nPuh","title":"Snow goggles","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Inuit_snow_goggles.jpg/250px-Inuit_snow_goggles.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/snow-goggles.webp","year":1,"dateDetails":"Most common date on various websites seems to be \"2000 years ago\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Americas, Ancient Asia","countryModern":"USA, Canada, Russia","formattedLocation":"Ancient Americas; Ancient Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_goggles","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDiTZ41qR2v91Bn","title":"Speculum metal mirror","subtitle":"aka High-tin bronze","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/40-foot_telescope_mirror.jpg/250px-40-foot_telescope_mirror.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/speculum-metal-mirror.webp","year":1,"dateDetails":"\"The knowledge of making very hard white high luster metal out of bronze-type high-tin alloys may date back more than 2000 years in China,[3] although it could also be an invention of western civilizations.[4] Remarks in Pliny the Elder may refer to it.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics","Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China, unknown","countryModern":"China, unknown","formattedLocation":"China; unknown","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculum_metal","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recI0fQ68vGv37gtG","title":"Combination lock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Sicilia%2C_cofanetto_con_serratura_a_combinazione%2C_avorio_e_metallo_dorato%2C_xiii_secolo_04.jpg/1600px-Sicilia%2C_cofanetto_con_serratura_a_combinazione%2C_avorio_e_metallo_dorato%2C_xiii_secolo_04.jpg?20160629192932","localImage":"/tech-images/combination-lock.webp","year":1,"dateDetails":"The oldest combination lock known is from Athens from the early imperial Roman era, 27 BC to 138 AD: \"Am wahrscheinlichsten ist, wie F. Willemsen mitteilt, eine Entstehung in augusteischer oder hadrianischer Zeit\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Security"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Athens","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Athens, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination_lock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-19"},{"id":"reccDwE4GvN2GGsYx","title":"Lapis specularis window","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Lapis_specularis_Foro_Romano_de_Cartagena.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/lapis-specularis-window.webp","year":1,"dateDetails":"approximate","type":"Tool","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Segobriga","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Segobriga, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segobriga","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-04-03"},{"id":"recEOnTTMItH3jtcd","title":"Reverse overshot water wheel","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/WaterwheelsSp.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/reverse-overshot-water-wheel.webp","year":-25,"dateDetails":"or before; -25 is the description by Vitruvius","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics","Mining"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Spain","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_overshot_water_wheel","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec7lbck1SjcEz753","title":"Blown glass","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Verre_gallo-romain_02.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/blown-glass.webp","year":-27,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":["Glass"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Lebanon, Syria","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glassblowing#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recFBxZyGPMn1KJHl","title":"Odometer (Western)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Vitruve%27s_odometer%2C_1st_century_BC%2C_Roma_%28reconstruction%29.jpg/2560px-Vitruve%27s_odometer%2C_1st_century_BC%2C_Roma_%28reconstruction%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/odometer--western-.webp","year":-27,"dateDetails":"or earlier: \"An odometer for measuring distance was first described by Vitruvius around 27 and 23 BC, during the First Punic War, although the actual inventor may have been Archimedes of Syracuse (c. 287 BC – c. 212 BC).\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odometer","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recposWSqWEnHNsaP","title":"Treadwheel crane","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Roemerkran.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/treadwheel-crane.webp","year":-30,"dateDetails":"Vitruvius's De architectura (written circa 30-20 BCE) contains a description of the Polyspaston crane. There are surviving reliefs of treadwheel cranes during the 1st century AD.","type":"Tool","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadwheel_crane","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recIEK9cJTqkbBUy3","title":"Maya numerals and zero","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Dresden_Codex_f8461796.png/311px-Dresden_Codex_f8461796.png","localImage":"/tech-images/maya-numerals-and-zero.webp","year":-36,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest long count date (on Stela 2 at Chiappa de Corzo, Chiapas) is from 36 BC.\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Mathematics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Maya civilization","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Maya civilization","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_numerals","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recYNcjQrQwMTh1yc","title":"Trip hammer","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Hydraulic-Powdered_Trip_Hammers.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/trip-hammer.webp","year":-40,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Energy","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trip_hammer","details":"\"Although Chinese historians assert that its origins may span as far back as the Zhou Dynasty (1050 BC–221 BC), the British sinologist Joseph Needham regards the earliest texts to describe the device are the Jijiupian dictionary of 40 BC\" and other texts from 15 BC and 20 AD","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDQtsmuq1CRL0s2","title":"Arch dam","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Morrowdam.JPG/250px-Morrowdam.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/arch-dam.webp","year":-40,"dateDetails":"approximate (Glanum Dam in the 1st century BC, but after the conquest of southern Gaul by Julius Caesar)","type":"Technique","fields":["Hydraulics","Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"France","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_dam","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recAmjMsEW39ujkbM","title":"Solar calendar with leap years","subtitle":"Julian calendar","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Sousse_Museum_in_the_Medina_Part1_030.jpg/1024px-Sousse_Museum_in_the_Medina_Part1_030.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/solar-calendar-with-leap-years.webp","year":-46,"dateDetails":"","type":"Standard","fields":["Timekeeping"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Julius Caesar"],"organizations":[],"city":"Rome","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Rome, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recEczp7H045LXBBg","title":"Segmental arched bridge","subtitle":"Ponte San Lorenzo","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ponte_Molino%2C_Padua%2C_Italy._Pic_01.jpg/2880px-Ponte_Molino%2C_Padua%2C_Italy._Pic_01.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/segmental-arched-bridge.webp","year":-47,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":["Bridges"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Padua","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Padua, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_San_Lorenzo","details":"Image shows the Ponte Molino, another Roman-era segmental arch bridge in Padua","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recjWkrsYzxHK3utP","title":"Hipposandal","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Hipposandal-ermont.jpg/250px-Hipposandal-ermont.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hipposandal.webp","year":-50,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":["Horses"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipposandal","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recAnl1CDbF5ehCXq","title":"Codex","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Devil_codex_Gigas.jpg/250px-Devil_codex_Gigas.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/codex.webp","year":-50,"dateDetails":"approximate, based on Julius Caesar's lifetime. May be older — possible evidence from Ptolemaic Egypt","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Julius Caesar","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recbl3GGj2KSE55GU","title":"Substitution cipher","subtitle":"Caesar cipher","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Caesar_cipher_left_shift_of_3.svg/1920px-Caesar_cipher_left_shift_of_3.svg.png?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail&_=20140119115628","localImage":"/tech-images/substitution-cipher.webp","year":-50,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Security","Communication"],"subfields":["Cryptography"],"inventors":["Julius Caesar","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_cipher","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-05-04"},{"id":"rechvwVxjKL2VjxIx","title":"Armillary sphere (China)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/%E6%80%A7%E5%91%BD%E5%9C%AD%E6%97%A8_%E5%91%A8%E5%A4%A9%E7%92%87%E7%92%A3%E5%9C%96.png","localImage":"/tech-images/armillary-sphere--china-.webp","year":-52,"dateDetails":"May date from the 4th century BC, but some historians doubt this. The armillary sphere reached its full development \"by 52 BC, with the astronomer Geng Shouchang's (耿壽昌) addition of a permanently fixed equatorial ring.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillary_sphere#China","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recJwsw5YW1lRWcP3","title":"Gristmill","subtitle":"aka Grain mill, Flour mill","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arles_antique%2C_Arles%2C_France_%2816168385326%29.jpg/1600px-Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Arles_antique%2C_Arles%2C_France_%2816168385326%29.jpg?20150116102203","localImage":"/tech-images/gristmill.webp","year":-71,"dateDetails":"Or before: The Greek geographer Strabo reported in his Geography that a water-powered grain-mill existed near the palace of king Mithradates VI Eupator at Cabira, Asia Minor, before 71 BC.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Food","Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gristmill","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reckpZPZqXVw4gOCz","title":"Hypocaust","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pilettes_et_praefurnium_maison_grand_p%C3%A9ristyle.jpg/2880px-Pilettes_et_praefurnium_maison_grand_p%C3%A9ristyle.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hypocaust.webp","year":-80,"dateDetails":"Attributed to Sergius Orata by Vitruvius; probably older (e.g. dating to the Temple of Ephesus in 350 BC or the Stabian Baths in Pompeii in 125 BC)","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":["Heating"],"inventors":["Sergius Orata"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocaust","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recWTZAjx7uLhJwGM","title":"Oyster farming","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Roman_Ostraria_02.gif?20060414120526","localImage":"/tech-images/oyster-farming.webp","year":-95,"dateDetails":"Sometimes credited to Sergius Orata circa 95 BC","type":"Technique","fields":["Food"],"subfields":["Fishing"],"inventors":["Sergius Orata"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_farming","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recBPNhVPnKwomPrh","title":"Toe stirrup","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/AdshoCarnelianSeal.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/toe-stirrup.webp","year":-100,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest foot support was a toe loop that held the big toe and was used in India late in the second century BC, though it may have appeared as early as 500 BC.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation"],"subfields":["Horses"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Satavahana Empire","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Satavahana Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirrup","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec3SxYezKEXukz4A","title":"Barbat","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Gandharan_Lute.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/barbat.webp","year":-100,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest image of the barbat dates back to the 1st century BC from ancient northern Bactria.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music"],"subfields":["String instruments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Persia, Ancient Asia","countryModern":"Iran, Asia (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Ancient Persia; Ancient Asia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbat_(lute)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recPQsgOiSEK9gEEO","title":"True dome","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Baia-Complesso_Termal_Romano_2010-by-RaBoe-018.jpg?utm_source=commons.wikimedia.org&utm_campaign=index&utm_content=thumbnail_unscaled&_=20100910201450","localImage":"/tech-images/true-dome.webp","year":-100,"dateDetails":"Possibly the frigidarium of the Stabian Baths, dating from the 2nd-1st centuries BC. The so-called Temple of Mercury at Baiae is another example from he 1st century BC (depicted in the image).","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec8FLOEnivGfswcy","title":"War wagon","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg/250px-Husitsky_bojovy_vuz_replika.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/war-wagon.webp","year":-119,"dateDetails":"First documented use in battle, but may be far older","type":"Tool","fields":["Transportation","Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_wagon","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recM7nyzF1thf9mEA","title":"Tea","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Tea_leaves_steeping_in_a_zhong_%C4%8Daj_05.jpg/960px-Tea_leaves_steeping_in_a_zhong_%C4%8Daj_05.jpg?20060731213752","localImage":"/tech-images/tea.webp","year":-141,"dateDetails":"\"In 2016, the discovery of the earliest known physical evidence of tea from the mausoleum of Emperor Jing of Han (d. 141 BCE) in Xi'an was announced, indicating that tea from the genus Camellia was drunk by Han dynasty (202 BCE–220 CE) emperors as early as the 2nd century BCE.\" Tea drinking  may be much older, but there is no clear evidence.","type":"Consumable","fields":["Food"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tea","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-09-27"},{"id":"reczGgt1ksIsAMuW5","title":"True arch bridge","subtitle":"Pons Aemilius","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Roma-ponterotto01.jpg/330px-Roma-ponterotto01.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/true-arch-bridge.webp","year":-142,"dateDetails":"Arches of the Pons Aemilius built in 142 BC. There may be older examples","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":["Bridges"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Rome","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Rome, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons_Aemilius","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec1c5ICWBh7G8rGC","title":"Analog computer","subtitle":"Antikythera mechanism","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg/250px-NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/analog-computer.webp","year":-150,"dateDetails":"150-100 BC","type":"Tool","fields":["Computing","Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown","Hipparchus"],"organizations":[],"city":"Rhodes","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Rhodes, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism","details":"Antikythera mechanism possibly from Rhodes, possibly involved Hipparchus.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recQ3dmAnQfhTSnt9","title":"Precession of the equinoxes","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Earth_precession.svg/200px-Earth_precession.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/precession-of-the-equinoxes.webp","year":-150,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Hipparchus"],"organizations":[],"city":"Rhodes","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Rhodes, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_precession","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recdOyVMRZUpkaNHc","title":"Roman concrete","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Rome-Pantheon-Interieur1.jpg/250px-Rome-Pantheon-Interieur1.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/roman-concrete.webp","year":-150,"dateDetails":"\"Roman concrete was in widespread use from about 150 BC; some scholars believe it was developed a century before that.\"","type":"Material","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_concrete","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rech3QAbNtdxbKJwU","title":"Globe","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crates_Terrestrial_Sphere.png/240px-Crates_Terrestrial_Sphere.png","localImage":"/tech-images/globe.webp","year":-150,"dateDetails":"Earliest known example, by Crates of Mallus, but the first globes probably date from when the sphericity of the Earth was established","type":"Tool","fields":["Geography"],"subfields":["Maps"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globe#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recf8dP6zmJOvinoP","title":"Paper","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Fangmatan_paper_map.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/paper.webp","year":-179,"dateDetails":"The oldest known paper fragment is a map from Fangmatan, Gansu, China, dated to 179–141 BCE","type":"Material","fields":["Communication","Visual media"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paper","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMJ1OhdyIanlFvs","title":"Cupronickel","subtitle":"aka Copper–nickel alloy, Paktong","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Euthydemos_II_cupro-nickel.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cupronickel.webp","year":-180,"dateDetails":"Coins are known from Bactria from 180 or 170 BC. Knowledge of cupronickel may date from the 3rd century BC in Yunnan, China","type":"Material","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":["Alloys"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupronickel","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rechdqZMoTHqNOPvV","title":"Astrolabe","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0430_back.jpg/1920px-Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_sci_0430_back.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/astrolabe.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"between 220 and 150 BC","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Apollonius of Perga"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec30sYMaHy7Fxlzf","title":"Blast furnace","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Nanjing_Wugengliao_Tugaoluqun_2013.10.04_11-27-54.jpg/1920px-Nanjing_Wugengliao_Tugaoluqun_2013.10.04_11-27-54.jpg?20140509130245","localImage":"/tech-images/blast-furnace.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnace","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recaaXoED9rdPYQg5","title":"Watermill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Roda_de_Vitruvi.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/water-wheel--greece-.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics","Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown","Philo of Byzantium"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_wheel#Western_world","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recZwKltgmjy3kWn8","title":"Multi-tube seed drill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/ChineseSeedDrill1637.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/multi-tube-seed-drill.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_drill#History","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recTEXRx0lOrOWB4c","title":"Lead pipes","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Grosvenor_Museums_-_Wasserr%C3%B6hren.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/lead-pipes.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Construction","Sanitation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Rome","countryHistorical":"Ancient Rome","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Rome, Ancient Rome","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead#Classical_era","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recBwL3jYTindKDIG","title":"Parchment","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Ashmolean_Parchment_AN_1981.940.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/parchment.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Communication","Visual media"],"subfields":["Writing"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Pergamon","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece, Ancient Anatolia","countryModern":"Turkey","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece; Ancient Anatolia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parchment","details":"Traditionally said to have been invented in Pergamon as a response to the cessation of papyrus imports from Egypt. Real date probably more than 1000 years earlier.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec9LkuYD2JXg7wH3","title":"Cog","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/L%C3%BCbeck_city_seal_1223.png","localImage":"/tech-images/cog.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Sailing","Transportation"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Germany","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cog_(ship)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recirpK1Lw2UhKIRb","title":"Double-action piston bellows","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bellows_%28PSF%29.svg/500px-Bellows_%28PSF%29.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/double-action-piston-bellows.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellows#Metallurgy","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec3yjsSafrMB9aaZ","title":"Cochineal dye","subtitle":"aka Carmine","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Indian_collecting_cochineal.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cochineal-dye.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":["Pigments"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Mesoamerica","countryModern":"Mexico","formattedLocation":"Ancient Mesoamerica","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recoMZjFgvihsxEWr","title":"Finery forge","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg?20080319095233","localImage":"/tech-images/finery-forge.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"\"A finery forge was used to refine wrought iron at least by the 3rd century BC in ancient China, based on the earliest archaeological specimens of cast and pig iron fined into wrought iron and steel found at the early Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) site at Tieshengguo. Pigott speculates that the finery forge existed in the previous Warring States period (403–221 BC), because of the wrought iron items from China dating to that period and there was no documented evidence of the bloomery ever being used in China.\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finery_forge","details":"","imagePosition":"bottom left","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recDnupWxrhACmgSm","title":"Celestial 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period.","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom#Figure_harness_and_the_drawloom","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 75%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recjh8xPzRLBzebUf","title":"Padlock","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Ancient_Roman_padlock_MANN.jpg/2560px-Ancient_Roman_padlock_MANN.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/padlock.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"\"Padlocks have been used in Europe since the middle La Tène period, subsequently spreading to the Roman world and the Przeworsk and Chernyakhov cultures.\" Middle La Tène is approximately 300 to 100 BC","type":"Tool","fields":["Security"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Europe (unspecified)","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Europe (unspecified)","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padlock","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-07-19"},{"id":"recZfsJKQWUkyjOce","title":"Treadle loom","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Piren%C3%B3polis_-_State_of_Goi%C3%A1s%2C_Brazil_-_panoramio_%2872%29.jpg/1920px-Piren%C3%B3polis_-_State_of_Goi%C3%A1s%2C_Brazil_-_panoramio_%2872%29.jpg?20170714022644","localImage":"/tech-images/treadle-loom.webp","year":-200,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treadle","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-02-10"},{"id":"reciq6uebN1sAFTAm","title":"Groin vault","subtitle":"aka Double barrel vault","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Bab_al-Nasr_Cairo_DSCF0044.jpg/1920px-Bab_al-Nasr_Cairo_DSCF0044.jpg?20220617072102","localImage":"/tech-images/groin-vault.webp","year":-223,"dateDetails":"","type":"Technique","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"Delphi","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Delphi, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groin_vault","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-01-24"},{"id":"recXIYI4oGRoeIcAF","title":"Elevator","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Konrad_Kyeser%2C_Bellifortis%2C_Clm_30150%2C_Tafel_09%2C_Blatt_38v_%28Ausschnitt%29.jpg/399px-Konrad_Kyeser%2C_Bellifortis%2C_Clm_30150%2C_Tafel_09%2C_Blatt_38v_%28Ausschnitt%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/elevator.webp","year":-236,"dateDetails":"The earliest reference to an elevator is by Vitruvius, who attributes it to Archimedes","type":"Tool","fields":["Construction"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Archimedes"],"organizations":[],"city":"Syracuse","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Syracuse, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMIWmEjR3HjHL7H","title":"Earth's circumference","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Eratosthenes%27_method_for_determining_the_size_of_the_Earth.GIF?20100524130444","localImage":"/tech-images/earth-s-circumference.webp","year":-240,"dateDetails":"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Measurement"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Eratosthenes"],"organizations":["Mouseion of Alexandria"],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_circumference","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recbyHxUAFpVQeSpR","title":"Water organ","subtitle":"aka Hydraulis","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Mosaique_Zliten.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/water-organ.webp","year":-250,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Music","Hydraulics"],"subfields":["Wind instruments"],"inventors":["Ctesibius of Alexandria"],"organizations":["Mouseion of Alexandria"],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_organ","details":"Ctesibius' most commonly known invention today is a pipe organ (hydraulis), a predecessor of the modern church organ.","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reczf7MWlxZOgeruG","title":"Archimedes' screw","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Archimedes_screw.JPG?_=20070623110510","localImage":"/tech-images/archimedes--screw.webp","year":-250,"dateDetails":"Unknown date, but frequently attributed to Archimedes, though this is controversial.","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown","Archimedes"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes%27_screw","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recHcxicQapJx5dnH","title":"Gimbal","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Villard_de_Honnecourt_-_Sketchbook_-_17.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/gimbal.webp","year":-250,"dateDetails":"approximate, based on Philo's lifetime","type":"Part","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Philo of Byzantium","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gimbal","details":"Philo described it and the invention is sometimes attributed to him","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"reckirwWKVC2l4GGY","title":"Suction pump","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Taccola_first_piston.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/suction-pump.webp","year":-250,"dateDetails":"Very approximate. Dates from antiquity; examples have been found in Pompeii. Date chosen to fit with Ctesibius, who wrote a treaty about pumps.","type":"Tool","fields":["Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Ctesibius of Alexandria","unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_pump#History","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recMxLzPZxtx4QDPw","title":"Philo's thermoscope","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Fludd_figure_of_philo_experiment.png","localImage":"/tech-images/philo-s-thermoscope.webp","year":-250,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Measurement","Physics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Philo of Byzantium"],"organizations":[],"city":"Alexandria","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Alexandria, Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermometer#Philo_of_Byzantium","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2025-06-12"},{"id":"recwfi0HKcijft0Qc","title":"Saqiyah","subtitle":"aka Sakia, Tympanum","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/David_Roberts_ancient_fountain.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/saqiyah.webp","year":-250,"dateDetails":"3rd century BC, about a century after norias","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics","Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqiyah","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 35%","dateAdded":"2026-02-04"},{"id":"reci3Orwt76pK0PJb","title":"Armillary sphere (Greece)","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Sph%C3%A8re_armillaire_de_l%27Encyclop%C3%A9die_de_Diderot.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/armillary-sphere--greece-.webp","year":-255,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Eratosthenes"],"organizations":[],"city":"Athens","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Athens, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armillary_sphere#Hellenistic_world_and_ancient_Rome","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 35%","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recRIIP5Gk78zj5Yf","title":"Dioptra","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/AlidadePinnule.JPG?20130614145008","localImage":"/tech-images/dioptra.webp","year":-300,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Astronomy","Measurement"],"subfields":["Surveying"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece, Ptolemaic Egypt","countryModern":"Greece, Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece; Ptolemaic Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioptra","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec9nllDcMuPONN82","title":"Cheque","subtitle":"Adesha","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Barclays_and_Co._cheque._For_39_pounds%2C_4_shillings%2C_and_2_pence._Issued_in_London_by_Messrs_Barclay_and_Tritton%2C_1793._On_display_at_the_British_Museum_in_London.jpg/500px-thumbnail.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cheque.webp","year":-300,"dateDetails":"late 4th century BC","type":"Tool","fields":["Commerce"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Maurya Empire","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Maurya Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheque","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recLfwMLqPonrxAWv","title":"Saltpeter","subtitle":"aka Potassium nitrate","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Potassium_nitrate.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/saltpeter.webp","year":-300,"dateDetails":"\"Saltpeter finds mention in Kautilya's Arthashastra (compiled 300BC - 300AD), which mentions using its poisonous smoke as a weapon of war, although its use for propulsion did not appear until medieval times.\"","type":"Discovery","fields":["Chemistry","Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Maurya Empire","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Maurya Empire","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_nitrate","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recIrf1HPFJTeZi3T","title":"Chain mail","subtitle":"aka Hauberk","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/KMM_-_Kriegergrab_Ciumesti_Kettenhemd.jpg/640px-KMM_-_Kriegergrab_Ciumesti_Kettenhemd.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/chain-mail.webp","year":-300,"dateDetails":"\"The earliest examples of surviving mail were found in the Carpathian Basin at a burial in Horný Jatov, Slovakia dated in the 3rd century BC, and in a chieftain's burial located in Ciumești, Romania. Its invention is commonly credited to the Celts, but there are examples of Etruscan pattern mail dating from at least the 4th century BC.\"","type":"Tool","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Celtic people","countryModern":"Europe (unspecified)","formattedLocation":"Celtic people","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_mail","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recbezT994tO6cnQ1","title":"White lead","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Make-up_box_KAM_Athens_15539.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/white-lead.webp","year":-300,"dateDetails":"Probably used earlier, but written about by Theophrastus c. 300 BC.","type":"Consumable","fields":["Chemistry"],"subfields":["Alchemy","Pigments"],"inventors":["Theophrastus","unknown"],"organizations":["Lyceum"],"city":"Athens","countryHistorical":"Ancient 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BC)","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece, Ancient Mesopotamia","countryModern":"Iraq","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece; Ancient Mesopotamia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltrop","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-03-20"},{"id":"rechRdKyc2NMs9jVT","title":"Diving bell","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Alexander_in_a_submarine_-_British_Library_Royal_MS_15_E_vi_f20v_%28detail%29.jpg/1305px-Alexander_in_a_submarine_-_British_Library_Royal_MS_15_E_vi_f20v_%28detail%29.jpg?20121122144145","localImage":"/tech-images/diving-bell.webp","year":-350,"dateDetails":"4th century; described by Aristotle","type":"Tool","fields":["Diving"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_bell","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recS3X30t3wstgqKn","title":"Pike","subtitle":"Sarissa","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Alexander_Mosaic_-_Cropped_to_Alexander_and_Darius_-_Spears.jpg/640px-Alexander_Mosaic_-_Cropped_to_Alexander_and_Darius_-_Spears.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/pike.webp","year":-350,"dateDetails":"approximate; began being used tactically during the reign of Philip II of Macedon (359-336)","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Macedonian army"],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Macedon","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Macedon","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_(weapon)","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recxcwjnHf7iPuTHt","title":"Noria and water wheel","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Aegypt1987020_hg.jpg/1920px-Aegypt1987020_hg.jpg?20101224005850","localImage":"/tech-images/noria-and-water-wheel.webp","year":-350,"dateDetails":"4th century BC","type":"Tool","fields":["Hydraulics","Agriculture"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Egypt","countryModern":"Egypt","formattedLocation":"Ancient Egypt","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noria","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":"2026-02-04"},{"id":"recHPFapCp9y8bMyB","title":"Animal-driven rotary mill","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Horse_mill_045493.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/animal-driven-rotary-mill.webp","year":-375,"dateDetails":"Evidence in a shipwreck dated 375 to 350 BC","type":"Tool","fields":["Agriculture","Energy"],"subfields":["Horses"],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Carthage","countryModern":"Tunisia, Italy","formattedLocation":"Carthage","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_mill","details":"Possibly in Carthaginian Sardinia","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recNlChMq26Pa7Jh5","title":"Ballista","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Ballista.gif","localImage":"/tech-images/ballista.webp","year":-399,"dateDetails":"The earliest form of the ballista is thought to have been developed for Dionysius of Syracuse, c. 400 BC.\n\n","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":["Court of Dionysius I"],"city":"Syracuse","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Italy","formattedLocation":"Syracuse, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballista","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":"2025-09-01"},{"id":"recrAshtUjRk7fp7m","title":"Gears","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Han_Iron_Gears_%289947881746%29.jpg/440px-Han_Iron_Gears_%289947881746%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/gears.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Part","fields":["Manufacturing"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear#History","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec5QEAuOGObdTFbR","title":"Traction trebuchet","subtitle":"aka Mangonel","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Warring_States_Traction_Trebuchet_Model.jpg/2560px-Warring_States_Traction_Trebuchet_Model.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/traction-trebuchet.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangonel","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec7HN3laxXJQafXZ","title":"Camera obscura","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/1545_gemma_frisius_-_camera-obscura-sonnenfinsternis_1545-650x337.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/camera-obscura.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"first written description, attributed to Mozi (470-391 BC)","type":"Tool","fields":["Optics","Astronomy","Visual media"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscura","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recoNu1MNZlfQClgQ","title":"Yakhchāl","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Yakhchal_of_Yazd_province.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/yakhch-l.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Food","Construction"],"subfields":["Cooling"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Persia","countryModern":"Iran","formattedLocation":"Ancient Persia","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakhch%C4%81l","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recaiZGn8sy3tNL82","title":"Hydraulic telegraph","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Greek_Hydraulic_Telegraph_of_Aeneas_relief.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/hydraulic-telegraph.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Tool","fields":["Communication","Hydraulics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recjJk4jVasEkLmDt","title":"Petroleum as fuel","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Petroleum_sample.jpg/500px-Petroleum_sample.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/petroleum-as-fuel.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Consumable","fields":["Energy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec2SQ7b1uLbQkTc6","title":"Embroidery","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Chinese_silk%2C_4th_Century_BC.JPG","localImage":"/tech-images/embroidery.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"\"Works in China have been dated to the Warring States period (5th–3rd century BC).\"","type":"Technique","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"rec462HGe4xdpUpYH","title":"Muslin","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Muslin_men.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/muslin.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"\"Muslin finds mention in Megasthenes’ writings, a Greek envoy to the court of Chandragupta Maurya in the 4th century BC\"","type":"Material","fields":["Textiles"],"subfields":[],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient India","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Ancient India","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslin","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recWDcPVzSI9PnsAh","title":"Encaustic painting","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Egyptian_-_Mummy_Portrait_of_a_Man_-_Walters_323.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/encaustic-painting.webp","year":-400,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Visual media"],"subfields":["Paint"],"inventors":[],"organizations":[],"city":"","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encaustic_painting","details":"","imagePosition":"50% 25%","dateAdded":"2026-04-22"},{"id":"recmzpNhXhI23BamH","title":"Method of exhaustion","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Archimedes_pi.svg/2880px-Archimedes_pi.svg.png","localImage":"/tech-images/method-of-exhaustion.webp","year":-420,"dateDetails":"Approximate. Attributed to Antiphon, who died in 411 BC","type":"Technique","fields":["Mathematics"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Antiphon"],"organizations":[],"city":"Athens","countryHistorical":"Ancient Greece","countryModern":"Greece","formattedLocation":"Athens, Ancient Greece","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_exhaustion","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recFmVxQ7swU36OwQ","title":"Crossbow (Greece)","subtitle":"Gastraphetes","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/200910311250MEZ_Saalburg-Museum%2C_Gastraphetes.jpg/250px-200910311250MEZ_Saalburg-Museum%2C_Gastraphetes.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/crossbow--greece-.webp","year":-421,"dateDetails":"\"The terminus ante quem may be more precisely defined as being before 421 BC, since another Greek author, Biton (fl. 2nd century BC), whose reliability has been positively reevaluated by recent scholarship, credits two advanced forms of the gastraphetes to a 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chariot","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_charge_of_the_Persian_scythed_chariots_at_the_battle_of_Gaugamela_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg/1600px-The_charge_of_the_Persian_scythed_chariots_at_the_battle_of_Gaugamela_by_Andre_Castaigne_%281898-1899%29.jpg?20060321052053","localImage":"/tech-images/scythed-chariot.webp","year":-485,"dateDetails":"reign of Ajatashatru: c. 492 to 460 BCE or early 5th century BCE","type":"Weapon","fields":["Weaponry"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["Ajatashatru"],"organizations":[],"city":"Pataliputra","countryHistorical":"Magadha","countryModern":"India","formattedLocation":"Pataliputra, Magadha","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythed_chariot","details":"","imagePosition":"center","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recSy580l6hDNx6jA","title":"Cast iron","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%E6%B2%A7%E5%B7%9E%E9%93%81%E7%8B%AE%E5%AD%902020_%284%29.jpg/2560px-%E6%B2%A7%E5%B7%9E%E9%93%81%E7%8B%AE%E5%AD%902020_%284%29.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/cast-iron.webp","year":-500,"dateDetails":"","type":"Material","fields":["Metallurgy"],"subfields":[],"inventors":["unknown"],"organizations":[],"city":"Luhe","countryHistorical":"China","countryModern":"China","formattedLocation":"Luhe, China","wikipedia":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_iron","details":"","imagePosition":"top","dateAdded":""},{"id":"recpXV7BqPnBxFDjn","title":"Lighthouse","subtitle":"","tier":"","image":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Torre_de_H%C3%A9rcules_2023.jpg/1280px-Torre_de_H%C3%A9rcules_2023.jpg","localImage":"/tech-images/lighthouse.webp","year":-500,"dateDetails":"\"Themistocles had earlier established a lighthouse at the harbour of Piraeus connected to Athens in the 5th 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Argon showed the spectrum which is illustrated in Figure 11, and is characterised by a strong blue line.\"","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-13"},{"source":"recEN6Zu49wOSBVPe","target":"recBLBVrPAjZDUghk","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"Ramsay characterised the gas by sealing it at reduced pressure in a tube fitted with a pair of electrodes, called a Plücker or Geissler tube.\"","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-13"},{"source":"recBLBVrPAjZDUghk","target":"reckGgTxwgBGddSaa","type":"Inspiration","details":"\"On the day after Ramsay's lecture (1 February 1895) Sir Henry Meirs, who was the chief mineralogist at the British Museum, wrote to Ramsay saying that an American geologist, Hillebrand, had reported that some uranite minerals, notably cleveite, gave off a gas when treated with acid or fused with sodium carbonate. Hillebrand thought that the gas was nitrogen, but Meirs and Ramsay thought it might be argon from some compound of argon in the mineral.\" Argon therefore inspired the investigation that led to isolating helium.","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-14"},{"source":"recdCNoPojWeKGo5V","target":"recGwqz1aZccAuW2E","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"Dr W. Hampson, working with the Brin Oxygen Company (which later became the British Oxygen Company) had built a liquid air machine early in 1898... 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It seemed that with He 4 (before lithium) and Ar 40 (before potassium), if these were the first and third members of a new Group, there should be an inert gas of the same family, with an atomic weight of about 20 (before sodium).\"","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-14"},{"source":"recc5dxLTMPhmE9nN","target":"recGwqz1aZccAuW2E","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"Ramsay and Travers transferred the most volatile fraction into a discharge tube; it gave a blaze of crimson light. They had separated neon from the impure argon.\"","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-14"},{"source":"recdCNoPojWeKGo5V","target":"recXVmhrpisNtc8ec","type":"Prerequisite","details":"\"Hampson provided them with about three quarters of a litre of liquid air on 24 May 1898. On 31 May, the residue of 10 mL which had not boiled away was then purified from oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide.\"","detailsSource":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224937698_Sir_William_Ramsay_and_the_Noble_Gases","dateAdded":"2026-05-14"},{"source":"recBLBVrPAjZDUghk","target":"recXVmhrpisNtc8ec","type":"Byproduct","details":"\"The spectrum and density of the remaining 26.2 mL of gas showed the presence of argon but also a new gas, krypton, with a density of 40. 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